Yemeden Beklentiler Ölçeği ile Zayıflıktan ve Yemeyi Kısıtlamaktan Beklentiler Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Psı̇kometrı̇k Özellı̇klerı̇nı̇n İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 1, 133 - 164, 29.04.2022

Seda Sapmaz Yurtsever , Günay Serap Tekinsav Sütcü

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2022-884579

Öz

Yeme bozuklukları, en temelde aşırı yeme ve yiyeceği aşırı kısıtlama olmak üzere iki farklı davranış örüntüsü ile kendini göstermektedir. Yeme bozukluklarına uygun müdahale yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesinde yeme davranışının altında yatan bilişsel, sosyal ve duygusal motivasyonların anlaşılması ve yeme ile ilgili belirli problemlerin daha iyi tanınması önemlidir. Bu bakımdan bu çalışmada yeme davranışı ile ne tür kazanımların hedeflendiğini değerlendiren Yemeden Beklentiler Ölçeği (EEI) ile diyet davranışı ve zayıflık isteğinin altındaki beklentileri değerlendiren Zayıflıktan ve Yemeyi Kısıtlamaktan Beklentiler Ölçeği’nin (TREI) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve ölçeklerin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini 329 kadın üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu ölçeklere ek olarak, ölçeklerin yapı geçerliklerini sınamak amacıyla Yeme Bozuklukları Değerlendirme Ölçeği, Üç Faktörlü Yeme Ölçeği, Edinburgh Bulimiya Araştırma Testi ve Lezzetli Şeyler Yeme Nedenleri Ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Ölçekler için ayrı ayrı yürütülen doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, EEI’nın Türkçe Formu (T-EEI) için beş faktör [χ2(94, N = 329) = 198,71 p <.000, χ2/df = 2.11, GFI =.93, NFI =.94, CFI = .97 RMSEA=.058]; TREI’nın Türkçe formu (T-TREI) için ise tek faktör [χ2 (2, N = 329) = 5,318 p <.000, χ2/df = 2.66, GFI =.99, NFI =.99, CFI = .99 RMSEA=.071] olmak üzere ölçeklerin orijinal faktörleri ile tutarlı yapıları ortaya koymuştur. Güvenirlik analizleri sonucunda, T-EEI’nın alt boyutları için Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayılarının .75 ile .95 arasında, test-tekrar test güvenirlik değerlerinin ise .63 ile .83 arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. T-TREI’nin Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayısının .98, test tekrar test güvenirlik katsayısının ise .70 olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçüm araçlarının yapı geçerliklerini sınamak amacıyla kullanılan ölçeklerle pozitif yönde anlamlı korelasyonlar elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, her iki ölçeğin de Türkçe formlarının geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Alanyazınla tutarlı sonuçlardan hareketle, uyarlanan ölçüm araçlarının yeme bozuklukların teşhisi ve tedavisinde etkili birer değerlendirme aracı olarak kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeme, zayıflık, beklentiler, ölçek uyarlama, psikometrik özellikler

Destekleyen Kurum

Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri

Proje Numarası

17-EDB-012

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonunca Desteklenmiştir.

Adaptation of the Eating Expectancy Inventory and Thinness and Restricting Expectancy Inventory to the Turkish, and Examination of Psychometric Properties

Öz

Understanding the cognitive, social, and emotional motivations underlying eating behaviors is important. Equally important, we must recognize eating-related problems sooner and more definitively to develop appropriate intervention programs. In this study, it was aimed to adapt two important inventories into Turkish. The first of these was the Eating Expectancy Inventory (EEI), which evaluates the different expectations underlying eating behavior. Also, adaptation of the Thinness and Restricting Expectancy Inventory (TREI), which evaluates the motivations underlying dietary behavior and thinness, into Turkish was aimed. Following the adaptation, their psychometric properties were examined. The sample consisted of 329 female undergraduate students. In addition to the previously mentioned inventories, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh, and Palatable Eating Motives Scale were used to test the construct validity of the adapted scales. Confirmatory factor analyses conducted separately revealed that both adapted scales have consistent factor structures with the original formats. For the Turkish form of EEI (T-EEI), five-factor [χ2 (94, N = 329) = 198,71 p <.000, χ2/df = 2.11, GFI =.93, NFI =.94, CFI = .97 RMSEA=.058]; for the Turkish form of TREI (T-TREI), one factor [χ2 (2, N = 329) = 5,318 p <.000, χ2/df = 2.66, GFI =.99, NFI =.99, CFI = .99 RMSEA=.071]. Reliability analyses showed that the internal consistency coefficients for the sub-dimensions of T-EEI ranged between .75 and .95, and the test–retest reliability scores ranged between .63 and .83. The study found that the internal consistency coefficient of T-TREI was .98, and its test–retest reliability coefficient was .70. Also, significant positive correlations were found between the scales used to test the construct validity and the measurement tools. Results showed that Turkish version of both inventories had good reliability and valid psychometric properties. Both adapted measures can be used as an effective assessment tool in diagnosing and treating of eating disorders.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eating, thinness, expectancy, scale adaptation, psychometric properties

Proje Numarası

17-EDB-012

Kaynakça

• Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013). Ruhsal bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal elkitabı: Beşinci baskı (DSM-5) tanı ölçütleri başvuru elkitabı (E. Köroğlu, Çev.). Ankara: Hekimler Yayın Birliği (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2013). google scholar
• And, A., Sylvester, M. D., Turan, B. Irak, D. U., Ray, M. K. ve Boggiano, M. M. (2017). The Turkish Palatable Eating Motives Scale (T-PEMS): Utility in predicting binge-eating eating and obesity risk in university students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23(4), 527-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0383-z. google scholar
• Annus, A. M., Smith, G. T., Fischer, S., Hendricks, M. ve Williams, S. F. (2007). Associations among family-of-origin food-related experiences, expectancies, and disordered eating. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(2), 179-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20346 google scholar
• Annus, A. M., Smith, G. T. ve Masters, K. (2008). Manipulation of thinness and restricting expectancies: Further evidence for a causal role of thinness and restricting expectancies in the etiology of eating disorders. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(2), 278. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893164X.22.2.278 google scholar
• Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J. ve Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724-731. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74 google scholar
• Brosof, L. C., Munn-Chernoff, M. A., Bulik, C. M. ve Baker, J. H. (2019). Associations between eating expectancies and Eating disorder symptoms in men and women. Appetite, 141. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.06.001 google scholar
• Burgess, E. E., Turan, B., Lokken, K. L., Morse, A. ve Boggiano, M. M. (2014). Profiling motives behind hedonic eating. Preliminary validation of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale. Appetite, 72, 66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.016 google scholar
• Büyüköztürk, Ş, (2004), Veri analizi el kitabı (4. Baskı). Pegem A Yayıncılık. google scholar
• Cattell, R. B., ve Burdsal, C. A. (1975). The radial parcel double factoring design: A solution to the item-vs-parcel controversy. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 10(2), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327906mbr1002_3 google scholar
• Christiansen, B. A., Goldman, M. S. ve Inn, A. (1982). Development of alcohol-related expectancies in adolescents: Separating pharmacological from social-learning influences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(3), 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.50.3.336 google scholar
• Combs, J. L., Smith, G. T. ve Simmons, J. R. (2011). Distinctions between two expectancies in the prediction of maladaptive eating behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.015 google scholar
• Çapık, C. (2014). Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarında doğrulayıcı faktör analizinin kullanımı. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 196-205. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/29691 google scholar
• Çenesiz. G.Z. (2015). The Relationsiıp Between Eating Attitudes, Personality Factors, Weight Perception, Self-Esteem, Appearance Esteem, And Eating Regulation Motivations Based On Self Determination Theory. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. google scholar
• De Zwaan, M. ve Roerig, J. (2003). Pharmacological treatment of eating disorders. M. Maj, K.A. Halmi, J.J. Lo'pez-Ibor ve Sartorius (Ed), Eating Disorders içinde (s. 223 - 285). Wiley. google scholar
• Della Longa, N. M. ve De Young, K. P. (2018). Experiential avoidance, eating expectancies, and binge eating: A preliminary test of an adaption of the Acquired Preparedness model of eating disorder risk. Appetite, 120, 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.022 google scholar
• Fairburn, C. G. (2008). Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders. NY: The Guilford Press. google scholar
• Fairburn, C.G. ve Beglin, S.J. (1994). Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire?. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(4), 363-370. https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/7866415/ google scholar
• Fairburn, C.G. ve Harrison, P.J. (2003). Eating disorders. The Lancet, 361, 407-416. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(03)12378-1 google scholar
• Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2. Baskı). Sage publications. google scholar
• Fischer, S., Peterson, C. M. ve McCarthy, D. (2013). A prospective test of the influence of negative urgency and expectancies on binge eating and purging. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 294. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029323 google scholar
• Fitzsimmons-Craft, E. E., Keatts, D. A. ve Bardone-Cone, A. M. (2013). Eating expectancies in relation to eating disorder recovery. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(5), 1041-1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9522-7 google scholar
• Goldman, M. S., Brown, S. A., Christiansen, B. A. ve Smith, G. T. (1991). Alcoholism and memory: Broadening the scope of alcohol-expectancy research. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.137 google scholar
• Goldschmidt, A. B., Crosby, R. D., Engel, S. G., Crow, S. J., Cao, L., Peterson, C. B. ve Durkin, N. (2014). Affect and eating behavior in obese adults with and without elevated depression symptoms. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(3), 281-286. https://doi.org/10.1002/ eat.22188 google scholar
• Hayaki, J. (2009). Negative reinforcement eating expectancies, emotion dysregulation, and symptoms of bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(6), 552-556. https://doi. org/10.1002/eat.20646 google scholar
• Henderson, M. ve Freeman, C. P. L. (1987). A self-rating scale for bulimia the ‘bite’. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(1), 18-24. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.1.18 google scholar
• Hetherington, M. M. (2000). Eating disorders: Diagnosis, etiology, and prevention. Nutrition 16 (7/8) , 547-551. doi: 10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00320-8 google scholar
• Hohlstein, L. A., Smith, G. T. ve Atlas, J. G. (1998). An application of expectancy theory to eating disorders: Development and validation of measures of eating and dieting expectancies. Psychological Assessment, 10(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.1.49 google scholar
• Karakuş, S.Ş., Yıldırım, H. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016) Adaptation of three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) into Turkish culture: A validity and reliability study. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(3), 229-237. doi:10.5455/pmb.1-1446540396 google scholar
• Karlsson, J., Persson, L. O., Sjöström, L. ve Sullivan, M. (2000). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) in obese men and women. Results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. International Journal of Obesity, 24(12), 1715. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801442 google scholar
• Kıran, S.G., Ağargün, M.Y., Kara, H. ve Kutanış, R. (2000, Ekim). Eating attitudes and dissociative experiences in college students. 36. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi, Antalya, Turkey. google scholar
• Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guilford Press. google scholar
• Matsunaga, M. (2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: A primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(4), 260-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450802458935 google scholar
• Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. L. ve Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic families: Anorexia nervosa in context. Harvard University Press. google scholar
• Miller, P. M., Smith, G. T. ve Goldman, M. S. (1990). Emergence of alcohol expectancies in childhood: A possible critical period. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51(4), 343-349. https://doi.org/10.15288/ jsa.1990.51.343 google scholar
• Mitchison, D., Mond, J., Slewa, Y.S. ve Hay, P. (2013). Sex differences in health-related quality of life impairment associated with eating disorder features: A general population study. International Journal of EatingDisorder, 46, 375-380. doi: 10.1002/eat.22097 google scholar
• O’Connor, D. B., Jones, F., Conner, M., McMillan, B. ve Ferguson, E. (2008). Effects of daily hassles and eating style on eating behavior. Health Psychology, 27(1S), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.S20 google scholar
• Ortiz, A. M. L., Davis, H. A. ve Smith, G. T. (2019). Transactions among thinness expectancies, depression, and binge eating in the prediction of adolescent weight control behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(2), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23001 google scholar
• Öğüt-Eker, G. (2018). Farklı görme biçimiyle modern dünya ritüeli olarak yemek kültürü: Sınanma/ erginlenme ve intikam alma gizli işlevleri. Milli Folklor 30(120), 170-183. https://www.millifolklor. com/PdfViewer.aspx?Sayi=120 &Sayfa=170 google scholar
• Pearson, C. M., Combs, J. L., Zapolski, T. C. ve Smith, G. T. (2012). A longitudinal transactional risk model for early eating disorder onset. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(3), 707. doi:10.1037/a0027567 google scholar
• Pearson, C. M., Mason, T. B., Cao, L., Goldschmidt, A. B., Lavender, J. M., Crosby, R. D., Crow, S. J., Engel, S. G., Wonderlich, S. A. ve Peterson, C. B. (2018). A test of a state-based, self-control theory of binge eating in adults with obesity. Eating Disorders, 26(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/106 40266.2018.1418358 google scholar
• Schaumberg, K., Schumacher, L. M., Rosenbaum, D. L., Kase, C. A., Piers, A. D., Lowe, M. R., Forman, E. M. ve Butryn, M. L. (2016). The role of negative reinforcement eating expectancies in the relation between experiential avoidance and disinhibition. Eating Behaviors, 21, 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.01.003 google scholar
• Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A. ve King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338. doi: 10.3200/JOER.99.6.323-338 google scholar
• Schmidt, U. (2003). Aetiology of eating disorders in the 21st century New answers to old questions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 12, 30-37. doi: 10.1007/s00787-003-1105-9 google scholar
• Schultz, D. P. ve Schultz, S. E. (2020). A History of Modern Psychology (8. Bs.). (Y. Aslay, Çev). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları. google scholar
• Smink, F. R., van Hoeken, D. ve Hoek, H. W. (2013). Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(6), 543-548. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328365a24f google scholar
• Smith, G. T. ve Goldman, M. S. (1994). Alcohol expectancy theory and the identification of high-risk adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4(2), 229-247. doi: 10.1207/s15327795jra0402_4 google scholar
• Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Peterson, C. B. ve Pearson, C. M. (2018). Relationships between eating disorder-specific and transdiagnostic risk factors for binge eating: An integrative moderated mediation model of emotion regulation, anticipatory reward, and expectancy. Eating Behaviors, 31, 131-136. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.10.001 google scholar
• Smith, G. T., Simmons, J. R., Flory, K., Annus, A. M. ve Hill, K. K. (2007). Thinness and eating expectancies predict subsequent binge-eating and purging behavior among adolescent girls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 188-197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.188 google scholar
• Simmons, J. R., Smith, G. T. ve Hill, K. K. (2002). Validation of eating and dieting expectancy measures in two adolescent samples. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(4), 461-473. https://doi. org/10.1002/eat.10034 google scholar
• Stice, E. ve Desjardins, C. D. (2018). Interactions between risk factors in the prediction of onset of eating disorders: Exploratory hypothesis generating analyses. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 105, 52-62. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.03.005 google scholar
• Stunkard, A. J. ve Messick, S. (1985). The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietaryrestraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71-83. https://doi. org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8 google scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2013) Using multivariate statistics (6. Baskı). MA: Pearson. google scholar
• Tolman, E.G. (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. Appleton-Century-Crofts. google scholar
• Van Strien, T., Engels, R. C., Van Leeuwe, J. ve Snoek, H. M. (2005). The Stice model of overeating: Tests in clinical and non-clinical samples. Appetite, 45(3), 205-213. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2005.08.004 google scholar
• Vince, E.P. ve Walker, I. A. (2008). A set of meta-analytic studies on the factors associated with disordered eating. The Internet Journal of Mental Health, 5(1), 1-30. https://researchportal.bath. ac.uk/en/publications/a-set-of-meta-analytic-studies-on-the-factors-associated-with-dis google scholar
• Yücel, B., Polat, A., Ikiz, T., Dusgor, B. P., Yavuz, A. ve Sertel-Berk, O. (2011). The Turkish version of the eating disorder examination questionnaire: Reliability and validity in adolescents. European Eating Disorders Review, 19(6), 509-511. doi: 10.1002/erv.1104 google scholar
• Williams-Kerver, G. A., Schaefer, L. M., Hawkins, M. A., Crowther, J. H. ve Duncan, J. (2019). Eating expectancies before bariatric surgery: Assessment and associations with weight loss trajectories. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 15(10), 1793-1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. soard.2019.07.028 google scholar
• Worthington, R. L. ve Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127 google scholar