Education in Complex Emergencies: Effects of the February 6 Earthquake on Syrian Students in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, , 131 - 155, 26.08.2024

İbrahim Halil Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2024.44.1.0014

Öz

This article examines the effects of the February 6 earthquake on Syrian students in Türkiye. After experiencing forced migration and the quake in childhood, these students exhibited multiple characteristics of social vulnerability. Therefore, the study characterises their situation as a complex emergency. This study examines the impact of school access on students’ vulnerability, normalisation process, and resilience. As this study focuses on multiple situations, it adheres to the qualitative research tradition and adopts a case study design. Findings from in-depth interviews with 18 Syrian middle and high school students in Gaziantep province revealed that the refugee group is socially vulnerable because of their relative deprivation compared to the residents. According to the results of the study, the adverse effects of the earthquake combined with the forced migration experience deepened the social vulnerability of refugee children. The results also show that access to school is critical for supporting children’s psychological well-being and their capacity to move away from vulnerability, normalisation, and resilience. This was achieved by supporting their social capital network, which refers to the resources and support systems that they could access through their school community. This study found that proactive and long-term efforts to improve conditions for groups with multiple social vulnerabilities positively impact postdisaster recovery by supporting community resilience against devastating natural disasters.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emergency education, February 6 earthquakes, Refugee, Resilience, Social capital, Social vulnerability, Syrian students

Kaynakça

• AFAD. (2023). Kahramanmaraş’ta Meydana Gelen Depremler Hk Basın Bülteni-35. https://afad. gov.tr/kahramanmarasta-meydana-gelen-depremler-hk-basin-bulteni-35 google scholar
• Akbaş, E., & Akbaş, G. E. (2019). Çocukluk sosyolojisinin özgün sahası: Çocuklarla nitel araştırma. Çocuk ve Medeniyet, 4(7), 149-162. google scholar
• Anderson, A. (2004). Issues of migration [E-book]. In D. Moore & R. Hamilton (Eds.), Educational interventions for refugee children: Theoretical perspectives and implementing best practice (pp. 64-82). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203687550 google scholar
• Bensalah, K., Sinclair, M., Hadj Nacer, F., Commisso, A., & Bokhari, S. (2001). Education in situations of emergency and crisis: challenges for the new century. UNESCO. google scholar
• Betancourt, T. S. (2005). Stressors support and the social ecology of displacement: Psycho-social dimensions of an emergency education program for Chechen adolescents displaced in Ingushetia, Russia. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 29, 309-340. google scholar
• Birgün. (2023). Deprem sonrası büyük göç: Çözüm mü, yeni sorunlar mı? https://www.birgun.net/ haber/deprem-sonrasi-buyuk-goc-cozum-mu-yeni-sorunlar-mi-422004 google scholar
• Bromley, P., & Andına, M. (2010). Standardizing chaos: a neo-institutional analysis of the INEE minimum standards for education in emergencies, chronic crises and early reconstruction. Compare, 40(5), 575-588. google scholar
• Burde, D., Kapit, A., Wahl, R. L., Guven, O. & Skarpeteig, M. I. (2017). Education in emergencies: A review of theory and research. Review of Educational Research, 87(3), 619-658. google scholar
• Burns, M., & Lawrie, J. (2015). Where it’s needed most: Quality professional development for all teachers. Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies. https://doi.org/10.13140/ RG.2.1.2044.3761 google scholar
• Coşkun, E., & Yılmaz, Ç. (2018). Sığınmacıların toplumsal uyum sorunları ve sosyal hizmetlere erişimi: Düzce uydu kent örneği. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 75, 269-305. http://dx.doi. org/10.26650/jspc.2018.75.0016 google scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Sage. google scholar
• Davies, L., & Talbot, C. (2008). Learning in conflict and post-conflict contexts. Comparative Education Review, 52, 509-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/591295 google scholar
• Donner, W., & Rodriguez, H. (2008). Population composition, migration, and inequality: The influence of demographic changes on disaster risk and vulnerability. Social Forces, 87(2), 1089-1114. google scholar
• Dryden-Peterson, S. (2017). Refugee education: Education for an unknowable future. Curriculum Inquiry, 47(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/03626784.2016.1255935 google scholar
• Eisenbruch, M. (1988). The mental health of refugee children and their cultural development. International Migration Review, 22(2), 282-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838802200205 google scholar
• ERG. (2023). Afet döneminde eğitim-sayılarla deprem bölgesinde eğitim. https:// www. egitimreformugirisimi.org/afet-doneminde-egitim/ google scholar
• Francis, J. J., Johnston, M., Robertson, C., Glidewell, L., Entwistle, V., Eccles, M. P., & Grimshaw, J. M. (2010). What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychology and Health, 25(10), 1229-1245. google scholar
• Frater-Mathieson, K. (2004). Educational interventions for refugee children: Theoretical perspectives and implementing best practice (D. Moore & R. Hamilton, Eds.). Routledge. google scholar
• Gaillard, J. C., & Pangilinan, M. L. C. J. D. (2010). Participatory mapping for raising disaster risk awareness among the youth. Journal of Contingencies and CrisisManagement, 18(3), 175-179. google scholar
• GİB. (2023). İstatistikler. https://www.goc.gov.tr/giris-cikis google scholar
• Hart, R. (2009). Child refugees, trauma and education: Interactionist considerations on social and emotional needs and development. Educational Psychology in Practice, 25(4), 351-368. https:// doi.org/10.1080/02667360903315172 google scholar
• Henderson, N. (2012). Resilience in schools and curriculum design. In M. Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice (pp. 297-306). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0586-3 google scholar
• Herman, J. L. (2015). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence-From domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books. google scholar
• INEE. (2004). Minimum standards for education in emergencies, chronic crises and early reconstruction. DS Print/Redisgn. google scholar
• INEE. (2010). Minimum standards for education: Preparedness, response, recovery. Author. google scholar
• Kagawa, F. (2005). Emergency education: A critical review of the field. Comparative Education, 42(4), 487 - 503. google scholar
• Kamel, H. (2006). Early childhood care and education in emergency situations (Documento de referencia para el Informe de Seguimiento de la EPT en el Mundo). google scholar
• Kaplan, I. (2000). A guide to working with young people who are refugees: Strategies for providing individual counselling and group work. Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture Inc. https:// brycs.org/clearinghouse/4303/ google scholar
• KRDAE. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Sofalaca Şehitkamil Gaziantep Depremi - 06 Şubat 2023 Ekinözü Kahramanmaraş Depremi - 20 Şubat 2023 Büyükçat-Samandağ-Hatay Depremi. http://www. koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/06-subat-2023-ml7-4-sofalaca-sehitkamil-gaziantep-depremi/ - http:// www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/06-subat-2023-ml7-5-ekinozu-kahramanmaras-depremi/ - http:// www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/20_SUBAT_2023_SAMANDAG_ HATAY_DEPREMI.pdf google scholar
• Kuhlicke, C. (2013). Resilience: a capacity and a myth: findings from an in-depth case study in disaster management research. Natural Hazards, 67(1), 61-76. google scholar
• Manzoni, C., & Rolfe, H. (2019, March). How schools are integrating new migrant pupils and their families (No. 1). National Institute of Economic and Social Research. https://www.niesr.ac.uk/ sites/default/files/publications/MigrantChildrenIntegrationFinalReport.pdf google scholar
• Marlowe, J., & Bogen, R. (2015). Young people from refugee backgrounds as a resource for disaster risk reduction. International Journal ofDisaster Risk Reduction, 14, 125-131. google scholar Masten, A. S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development (Reprint ed.). The Guilford Press. google scholar
• McBrien, J. L. (2005). Educational needs and barriers for refugee students in the United States: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 329-364. https://doi. org/10.3102/00346543075003329 google scholar
• MEB. (2023). 202 Bin 817 depremzede öğrenciye nakil imkânı sağlandı. https://www.meb.gov. tr/202-bin-817-depremzede-ogrenciye-nakil-imkni-saglandi/haber/29184/tr google scholar
• Mendenhall, M., Dryden-Peterson, S., Bartlett, L., Ndirangu, C., Imonje, R., Gakunga, D., Gichuhi, L., Nyagah, G., Okoth, U., & Tangelder, M. (2015). Quality education for refugees In Kenya: Pedagogy in urban Nairobi and Kakuma refugee camp settings. Journal on Education in Emergencies, 1(1). http://hdl.handle.net/2451/39669 google scholar
• Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage. google scholar
• Nicolai, S. (2003). Education in emergencies: A tool kit for starting and managing education in emergencies. Save the Children UK. google scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & Evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage. google scholar
• Pigozzi, M. J. (1999). Education in emergencies and for reconstruction: A developmental approach. Unicef. google scholar
• Pryor, C. B. (2001). New immigrants and refugees in American schools: Multiple voices. Childhood Education, 77(5), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2001.10521650 google scholar
• Rutter, J., & Jones, C. (1998). Refugee education. Trentham Books. google scholar
• Sharma, N., & Sharma, S. R. (2012). Children with disabilities and supportive school ecologies. In M. Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice (pp. 281-296). Springer. google scholar
• Sinclair, M. (2001). Education in emergencies. In D. Cipollone, C. Talbot, & J. Crisp (Eds.), Learning for a future: Refugee education in developing countries (pp. 1-83). UN High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/4a1d5ba36.pdf google scholar
• Sinclair, M. (2002). Planning education in and after emergencies. UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning. google scholar
• Steigenberger, N. (2016). Organizing for the big one: A review of case studies and a research agenda for multi-agency disaster response. Journal of Contingencies and CrisisManagement, 24(2), 60-72. google scholar
• Triplehorn, C. (2001). Care & protection of children in emergencies: Education. Save the Children. google scholar
• UN. (2023). United Nations-Türkiye-Syria Earthquake Response Search the United Nations. https:// www.un.org/en/türkiye-syria-earthquake-response google scholar
• UNDRR & WMO. (2023). Global status of multi-hazard early warning systems. Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction and World Meteorological Organization. https://www.undrr.org/ publication/global-status-multi-hazard-early- warning-systems-2023 google scholar
• UNESCO. (1999). The Right to Education: an emergency strategy. Author. google scholar
• UNESCO. (2000). Thematic study on education in situation of emergency and crisis: assessment EFA 2000. Emergency Education Assistance Unit. google scholar
• UNHCR. (2023a). Refugees and asylum seekers in Turkey. https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey google scholar
• UNHCR. (2023b). Refugee data finder. https://www.unhcr.org/refugee-statistics/ google scholar
• UNICEF. (2023). UNICEF: Yıkıcı depremlerin birinci haftasında, milyonlarca çocuk acil insani yardıma ihtiyaç duyuyor. https://www.unicef.org/turkiye/basın-bültenleri/unicef-yıkıcı-depremlerin-birinci-haftasında-milyonlarca-çocuk-acil-insani-yardıma google scholar
• Williams, J. R. A., Hyder, T., & Nicoli, S. (2004). ECD in emergencies: save the children’s experience. Save the Children UK. google scholar
• Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. & Davis, I. (2003). At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters (2nd ed.). Routledge. google scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications design and methods (6th ed.). Sage. google scholar
• Zaman, M. Q. (2019). Vulnerability, disaster, and survival in Bangladesh: Three case studies 1. In The angry earth (pp. 162-177). Routledge. google scholar