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<article  article-type="discussion"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Tarih Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1015-1818</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2619-9505</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>İstanbul Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26650/iutd.0000002</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Archaeology (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Arkeoloji (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Arşivdeki Tuğralı Fermanlar ve Belgeleri Anlamak</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Understanding Tughra-bearing Firmans and Documents in the Ottoman Archives</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-8791</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kütükoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mübahat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260226">
                    <day>02</day>
                    <month>26</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>88</issue>
                                        <fpage>170</fpage>
                                        <lpage>183</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260114">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260210">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1949, Tarih Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1949</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Tarih Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Arşivdeki tuğralı fermanlar iki grupta incelenebilir: Birincisi, işi bittiği veyâ muhâtabı görevden ayrıldığı için geri gönderilenler, ikincisi, muhtevâsı beğenilmeyip yeniden yazılan ve ilk şekli iptâl olunduğu halde saklananlardır. Bunun için bu fermanların kullanılmadan önce dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Belgelerin ise, değerlendirilirken doğru anlaşıldığından emin olununcaya kadar, gerekirse birkaç defâ okunmalarında fayda vardır. Aksi halde hatâ kaçınılmaz olur.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>The tughra-bearing firmans in the archive can be examined in two groups: The first consists of those that were returned because their purpose had been fulfilled or because the addressee had left office; the second consists of those whose contents were not approved and were therefore rewritten, with the original version being canceled and preserved. For this reason, care must be taken before using them. As for the documents, when evaluating them, it is advisable to read them several times if necessary until one is certain that they have been correctly understood. Otherwise, error is inevitable.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>arşiv</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  tuğra</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ferman</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  belge</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>archive</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  tughra</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  firman</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  document</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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