Filistin Baharı Gerçekleşti mi? Filistin’deki Kayıp On Yıl

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 67, 151 - 176, 11.07.2018

Philipp O. Amour

Öz

DOI: 10.26650/TurkJHist.2018.384983

Filistin’in siyasi sistemi, Fetih ve Hamas
arasında devam eden politik ve ideolojik kavga nedeniyle 2007 yılından bu yana
sıkışmış vaziyettedir. Filistin’in işgal edilmiş toprakları, Batı Şeria’yı
yöneten Filistin Ulusal Otoritesi (PNA) ile Gazze Şeridi’ni kontrol eden Hamas
arasında siyasi olarak ikiye bölünmüştür. Sözkonusu stratejik çerçeve rakip iki
grubun hegemonik pozisyonları dikkate alındığında hem Filistin siyasetinde hem
de sivil alanda yıkıcı etkilere sebep olmuştur. Karşılıklı düşmanlık ve ulusal
uzlaşmaya varma konusundaki isteksizlik, 2010 yılından bu yana başkanlık ve
yasama seçimlerini kesintiye uğratarak Filistin davasını uluslararası alanda
zayıflattı. Arap Baharı hareketi başlangıçta Filistinlilere devrimsel bir
uyarıcı ve iç siyasette mücadele etmek için stratejik bir pencere sundu. Ancak
geçmişe bakıldığında, Filistin Baharı, talep edilen politik-ekonomik reformlara
ulaşmada ve Fetih ile Hamas’ın ulusal birliğini gerçekleştirmede kısa süreli ve
etkisiz kaldığını kanıtladı. Makale diğer faktörlerin yanında iki ana faktör
önermektedir: (1) ulusal projenin fiyaskosu ve bunun sonucu olarak toplumsal
hareket tarafından öykünülecek hiyerarşik ve örgütsel bir rol modelinin eksikliği;
(2) ve Filistin davasının, halkın sıkıntısını absorbe eden ve devrimci
liderliklere karşı radikal bir devrimci değişim (kitlesel Filistin toplumsal
hareketi) olasılığını azaltan işgalci bağlamı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arap Baharı, Filistin Baharı, Üçüncü İntifada, İsrail, PLO, PNA, Fetih, Hamas, Ortadoğu, Kayıp on yıl, Fetih-Hamas ayrılığı

DID A PALESTINE SPRING TAKE PLACE? THE LOST DECADE IN PALESTINE

Öz

DOI: 10.26650/TurkJHist.2018.384983

The Palestinian political system has been
struck since 2007 by political and ideological feuding between Fatah and Hamas.
The occupied Palestinian territories (OPT) have been politically divided
between the PNA-governed West Bank and Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip. This
strategic framework has destructive implications for Palestinian politics and
civil space given the hegemonic positions of both rival factions.
Inter-movement enmity and the lack of willingness to reach national
reconciliation have stalled presidential and legislative elections since 2010
and debilitated the Palestinian cause in the international arena. The Arab
Spring movement, in its initial state, delivered to Palestinians a
revolutionary stimulus and a strategic window to challenge domestic politics.
In retrospect, however, the Palestine Spring proved to be short-lived and
ineffective in achieving the demanded politico-economic reforms and national
unification of Fatah and Hamas. The article suggests two main factors, among
others: (1) the fiasco of the national movement / project and as a result the
lack of a hierarchical and organizational role model for the social movement to
emulate and (2) the occupational context of the Palestinian case that absorbs
public discomfort and decreases the possibility of a mass social movement (a
far-reaching Palestine Spring) against historical leadership.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fatah, Hamas, Palestine Spring, Third Intifada, Reconciliation, Division

Kaynakça

• Abou-El-Fadl, Reem. “The Road to Jerusalem through Tahrir Square: Anti-Zionism and Palestine in the 2011 Egyptian Revolution.” Journal of Palestine Studies 41, no. 2 (January 2012): 6–26.
• Abu Toameh. “Palestinian Affairs: Will the Palestinians Rise up Too?” The Jerusalem Post. Last modified March 11, 2011. Accessed August 8, 2014. http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=211680.
• Abu-Shahla, Rawan. “Why Palestinians Will Protest on 15 March.” The Electronic Intifada. Last modified March 14, 2011. Accessed December 16, 2017. https://electronicintifada.net/content/why-palestinians-will-protest-15-march/9823.
• AbuZayyad, Ziad. “The Arab Spring: Progress Report and Conclusions.” Palestine-Israel Journal 18, no. 1 (2012). Accessed December 24, 2014. http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=1423.
• Ageel, Ghada. “A Palestinian Uprising: Is It Possible or Is It Too Late?” Sociology of Islam 2, no. 3–4 (June 10, 2014): 283–309.
• Al-Ghoul, Asmaa. “Palestinian Activists Bemoan Their Lost Arab Spring.” Al-Monitor. Last modified January 18, 2013. Accessed January 4, 2018. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/01/palestine-failed-arab-spring.html.
• Aliboni, Roberto. “The International Dimension of the Arab Spring.” The International Spectator 46, no. 4 (December 2011): 5–9.
• Allen, Lori. The Rise and Fall of Human Rights: Cynicism and Politics in Occupied Palestine. Stanford studies in human rights. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2013.
• Alquds Al-Arabi Online. “Opposition within Hamas and the PLO on the Doha Declaration and Fayyad May Remain as Finance Minister [in Arabic].” Last modified February 7, 2012. Accessed December 15, 2013. www.alquds.co.uk.
• Alsaafin, Linah. “Imperfect Revolution: Palestine’s 15 March Movement One Year on.” Electronic Intifada. Last modified March 23, 2012. Accessed April 15, 2012. https://electronicintifada.net/content/imperfect-revolution-palestines-15-march-movement-one-year/11092.
• Amour, Philipp. “Transition in Palestinian Politics: The Case of the October War.” In The October War: Politics, Legacy, Diplomacy, edited by Asaf Siniver. London: London: Hurst C & Co Publishers Ltd, 2013.
• Amour, Philipp O. “Editor’s Note: The End of the Arab Spring?” Edited by Philipp O. Amour. The Arab Spring: Comparative Perspectives and Regional Implications 12, no. 3. Special issue, Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations (Fall 2013): I–IV.
• ———. “Israel, the Arab Spring, and the Unfolding Regional Order in the Middle East: A Strategic Assessment.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 293–309.
• ———. “Palestinian Politics in Transition: The Case of the October War.” In The October 1973 War: Politics, Diplomacy, Legacy, edited by Asaf Siniver, 137–154. London: Hurst & Company, 2013.
• Ashrawi, Hannan. “Palestine and the Arab Spring”, Summary of Discussion Hosted by Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.” Washington DC, 2011. http://carnegieendowment. org/2011/05/27/palestine-and-arab-spring/1qb (accessed 09 Mai 2013).
• Bresheeth, Haim. “The Arab Spring: A View from Israel.” Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 42–57.
• Brownlee, Jason. Democracy Prevention: The Politics of the U.S.-Egyptian Alliance. Cambridge [England] New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• Burton, Guy. “Building Ties across the Green Line: The Palestinian 15 March Youth Movement in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territory in 2011.” Third World Quarterly 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 169–184.
• Christophersen, Mona, Jacob Høigilt, and Åge A. Tiltnes. Palestinian Youth and the Arab Spring. Norway: Norwegian peacebuilding resource centre (NOREF), February 2012. http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/562d62ccb49d92227b6865a8b2d11e1a.pdf.
• Dabashi, Hamid. The Arab Spring: The End of Postcolonialism. London ; New York : New York: Zed Books ; Distributed in the USA exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
• Elgindy, Khaled. “The Palestinians: Between National Liberation and Political Legitimacy.” In The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East, 128–137. Saban Center at the Brookings Institution book. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011.
• Erakat, Noura. “Palestinian Youth: New Movement, New Borders.” Aljazeera. Last modified May 4, 2011. Accessed April 3, 2016. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/05/201153101231834961.html.
• Ezbidi, Basem. “‘Arab Spring’: Weather Forecast for Palestine.” Middle East Policy 20, no. 3 (Fall 2013): 99–110.
• Ezzat, Ashraf. “‘Third Intifada Underway’, Dissident Voice, 9 May 2011.” Third Intifada Underway. Last modified May 9, 2011. Accessed March 3, 2012. http://dissidentvoice. org/2011/05/third-intifada-underway.
• Ghanem, As’ad. “The Palestinians – Lessons from the Arab Spring.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 6, no. 3 (July 2013): 422–437.
• Harel, Amos. “Prisoners Are Netanyahu’s Double Defence.” Haaretz Online. Last modified October 28, 2013. Accessed January 6, 2018. http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/.premium-1.554852.
• Khoury, Hind. “Palestine-Israel Journal: The Arab Re-Awakening and the Hopes for a Palestinian State.” Palestine-Israel Journal 18, no. 1 (2012). Accessed May 25, 2015. http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=1416.
• Masoud, Ahmed. “The Arab Spring: A Palestinian Perspective.” Last modified December 9, 2011. Accessed September 1, 2015. https://ceasefiremagazine.co.uk/arab-spring-palestinian-perspective/.
• Mozgovaya, Natasha. “Gaza, the Most Facebook Friendly Place on Earth.” Haaretz Online. Last modified June 5, 2011. Accessed December 16, 2015. https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/gaza-the-most-facebook-friendly-place-on-earth-1.365970.
• Muasher, Marwan. The Second Arab Awakening And the Battle for Pluralism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2014.
• Munayyer, Yousef. “How Intifada Fears Show Only Israeli Security Matters.” The Daily Beast. Last modified February 27, 2013. Accessed March 1, 2018. http://www.thedailybeast .com/articles/2013/02/27/how-intifada-fears-show-only-israeli-security-matters .html.
• Naser-Najjab, Nadia. “Palestinian Youth and the Arab Spring. Learning to Think Critically: A Case Study.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 5, no. 2 (April 2012): 279–291.
• Odgaard, Lena. “Protesters Signal Political Crisis For the Palestinian Authority.” Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. Last modified September 10, 2012. Accessed May 10, 2015. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/do-not-publish--west-bank-protes.html#.
• Pace, Michelle, and Francesco Cavatorta. “The Arab Uprisings in Theoretical Perspective – An Introduction.” Mediterranean Politics 17, no. 2 (July 2012): 125–138.
• Pratt, Nicola. “The ‘Arab Spring’ and the Israel-Palestine Conflict: Settler Colonialism and Resistance in the Midst of Geopolitical Upheavals.” Ortadoğu Etütleri (Journal of Politics and International Relations) 5, no. 1 (July 2013): 9–40.
• Ravid, Barak. “Fayyad’s Resignation: The Beginning of the End of the PA?” Haaretz Online, April 14, 2013. Accessed May 2, 2013. http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/fayyad-s-resignation-the-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-pa-1.515292.
• Rudoren, Jodi, and Akram Fares. “Palestinians Sign Deal to Set Up Elections.” NYTimes.Com. Last modified May 20, 2012. Accessed May 20, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/world/middleeast/hamas-and-fatah-agree-in-cairo-to-begin-work-on-elections.html?_r=0.
• Salem, Walid. “The Arab Revolutions from a Palestinian Perspective.” Palestine-Israel Journal 18, no. 1 (2012). Accessed June 21, 2013. http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=1419.
• Schmidmeier, Fabian. “A Belated Arab Spring for Palestine?” Qantara. Last modified September 27, 2012. Accessed May 15, 2015. http://en.qantara.de/print/4506.
• Shikaki, Khalil. “Can Hamas Moderate? Insights from Palestinian Politics during 2005-2011.” Middle East Brief, no. 88 (January 2015): 1–10.
• ———. “Coping with the Arab Spring: Palestinian Domestic and Regional Ramifications.” Middle East Brief, no. 58 (December 2011): 1–8.
• Shlaim, Avi. “Israel, Palestine, and the Arab Uprisings.” In The New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World, edited by Fawaz A. Gerges, 380–401. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
• Snyder, Richard Carlton, H. W. Bruck, Burton M. Sapin, and Valerie M. Hudson, eds. Foreign Policy Decision-Making Revisited. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
• Stoffel, Derek. “Palestinian Youth Uprising Faces Uncertainty as Clashes with Israel Increase.” CBC News. Last modified November 17, 2014. Accessed January 9, 2018. http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/palestinian-youth-uprising-faces-uncertainty-as-clashes-with-israel-increase-1.2837116.
• The Arab World For Research & Development (AWRAD). “15 December 2012: The Public Mood, UN Vote, Gaza Confrontation, Elections, PA and Government and Evaluation of Leadership.” Last modified December 15, 2015. Accessed May 27, 2015. http://www.awrad.org/page.php?id=riSFCsT2mGa9835242AQsK5JcwUx0.
• the Arab World For Research & Development (AWRAD). “Polls 2011.” Last modified 2011. Accessed May 27, 2015. http://www.awrad.org/category.php?id=LJyJqkNuY1a2012316AXWwuKnHAr7.
• Tuastad, Dag. “Hamas-PLO Relations Before and After the Arab Spring.” Middle East Policy 20, no. 3 (September 2013): 86–98.
• ValbjøRn, Morten, and André Bank. “The New Arab Cold War: Rediscovering the Arab Dimension of Middle East Regional Politics.” Review of International Studies 38, no. 01 (January 2012): 3–24.
• Vick, Karl. “On the Run, the Palestinian Youth Movement May Yet Get Its Way.” Time. Last modified March 27, 2011. Accessed April 15, 2012. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2061661,00.html.
• “Abbas to Head Palestinian Unity Government.” Al Jazeera English. Last modified February 7, 2012. Accessed May 20, 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/02/20122610416298264.html.
• “Agreement between Fatah and Hamas,” May 3, 2011. Accessed May 20, 2015. http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/OPt_AgreementFatahHamas2011.pdf.
• “Herak Shababi Mustakel.” Facebook. Accessed December 20, 2017. https://www.facebook.com/pg/Herak.Shababi/about/?ref=page_internal.
• “How Did the Palestinian National Unity Government Perform during Its First Year [in Arabic]?” Arab Reality. Aljazeera Net, June 2, 2015. http://www.aljazeera.net/programs/arab-present-situation/2015/6/2.
• “Palestine: Palestinian Authority Police Beat Protesters.” HRW. Last modified July 30, 2013. Accessed January 10, 2018. https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/07/30/palestine-palestinian-authority-police-beat-protesters.
• “Palestine Papers: Al Jazeera, Guardian Release Documents On Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.” Accessed May 20, 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/23/palestine-papers-israel-conflict-wikileaks-documents-released_n_812776.html#13_harsh-words-for-all-sides.
• “Palestinians for Dignity.” Facebook. Accessed December 20, 2017. https://www.facebook.com/palestiniansfordignity.
• Poll: After the Gaza War. Poll. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem media and communication centre (JMCC), October 29, 2014. Accessed January 6, 2018. http://www.jmcc.org/documentsandmaps.aspx?id=867.
• Poll: Gaza, Resistance and the UN Bid. Poll. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem media and communication centre (JMCC), December 2012. Accessed January 6, 2018. http://www.jmcc.org/documentsandmaps.aspx?id=858.
• “Salam Fayyad.” The New York Times. Accessed May 15, 2014. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/f/salam_fayyad/index.html.
• “Talks with Previous Gaza–based and Westbank – Based Activists in Turkey,” 2016, 2017 2015.
• “The Palestine Papers.” Al Jazeera English. Last modified January 2011. Accessed May 20, 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com/palestinepapers/.
• “The Palestine Papers: The Documents.” The Guardian. Last modified February 1, 2011. Accessed May 20, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/series/palestine-papers-documents.
• “Why Are People Protesting in Iran?” Aljazeera Online. Last modified December 30, 2017. Accessed December 31, 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2017/12/people-protesting-iran-171230083612254.html?__twitter_impression=true.
• “Will We Always Have Paris?” Gaza Gateway | Facts and Analysis about the Crossings. Last modified September 13, 2012. Accessed May 10, 2015. http://gisha.org/en-blog/2012/09/13/will-we-always-have-paris/.
• Youth Poll on Politics, Education & The Future. Poll. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem media and communication centre (JMCC), October 9, 2016. Accessed December 6, 2018. http://www.jmcc.org/documentsandmaps.aspx?id=873.
• Youth Poll on Politics, Social Media and Conservatism. Poll. Jerusalem: The Jerusalem media and communication centre (JMCC), April 2016. Accessed January 6, 2018. http://www.jmcc.org/documentsandmaps.aspx?id=871.