Araştırma Makalesi
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Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 195 - 225, 27.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896

Öz

This paper reviews associations between weather and visitor attendance at two climatically similar zoological parks. This is achieved by examining weather, climate, and attendance data at the Indianapolis and St. Louis zoological parks over a period of approximately one decade. The methodological approach utilizes tourism climatology as the foundation for information gathering, display, and analysis of results. Peak days of attendance at both zoos coincide with ‘warm’ and ‘slightly’ warm days. Regarding the lowest attendances, visitors at both locations appear to display more aversion to cold thermal stress conditions than hot thermal stress conditions, however visitors at St. Louis Zoo appear to be more averse to cold conditions. Discussions regarding how social calendars and admission pricing may interact with this relationship are introduced.

Teşekkür

“The author would like to thank Dr. Keith G. Debbage for his research guidance and kind support throughout the development of this paper. Additional appreciation is noted for technical statistical assistance provided by the RStats Institute at Missouri State University.”

Kaynakça

  • Andrade, H., Alcoforado, M-J., and Oliveira, S. (2011). Perception of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55, 5, 665-680.
  • ASHRAE (2001) ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, 8. American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
  • ASHRAE (2004) ASHRAE Standard 55–2004: Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
  • Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Zoo and Aquarium Statistics, 2018.
  • Aylen, J., Albertson, K., & Cavan, G. (2014). The impact of weather and climate on tourism demand: the case of Chester Zoo. Climatic Change, 127, 183-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-014-1261-6
  • Becken, S. and Wilson, J. (2013) The impacts of weather on tourist travel, Tourism Geographies 15 (4): 620-639.
  • Besancenot, J.P., Mouiner, J., De Lavenne, F. (1978). Les conditions climatiques du tourisme littoral. Norois, 99: 357-382.
  • Bigano, A., Hamilton, J., and Tol, R. (2006). The Impact of Climate on Holiday Destination Choice. Climatic Change, 76, 389-406.
  • Brandenburg, C. and Ploner, A. (2002). Models to predict visitor attendance levels and the presence of specific user groups. Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas. Conference proceedings, 166-172.
  • Caldeira, A.M. & Kastenholz, E. (2018) It’s so hot: predicting climate change effects on urban tourists’ time–space experience, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26:9, 1516-1542, DOI:10.1080/09669582.2018.1478840
  • Cellini, R., & Cuccia, T. (2018). How free admittance affects charged visits to museums: an analysis of the Italian case. Oxford Economic Papers, 70(3), 680-698.
  • Davey, G. (2007) An analysis of country, socio-economic and time factors on worldwide zoo attendance during a 40 year period, International Zoo Yearbook, 41(1): 217-225.
  • de Freitas C.R, 2014. Weather and place-based human behaviour: recreational preferences and sensitivity. International Journal of Biometeorology. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0824-6
  • de Freitas, C.R. (1990). Recreation climate assessment. International Journal of Climatology, 10: 89-103.
  • de Freitas, C.R., Matzarakis, A. and Scott, D., 2007. Climate, tourism and recreation: research progress a decade on. In: Matzarakis, A., de Freitas, C.R., Scott, D. (eds.), 2007. Developments in Tourism Climatology. Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation. International Society of Biometeorology. ISBN: 978-3-00-024110-9.
  • de Freitas, C.R., Scott, D. and McBoyle, G., 2008. A second generation climate index for tourism (CIT): specification and verification. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52 (5), 399-407.
  • Falk, M. (2014). Impact of weather conditions on tourism demand in the peak summer season over the last 50 years. Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume 9, Pages 24-35, ISSN 2211-9736, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2013.11.001.
  • Falk, M. (2015). Summer weather conditions and tourism flows in urban and rural destinations. Climatic Change, 30: 201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1349-7
  • Falk, M., Hagsten, E. (2016). Importance of early snowfall for Swedish ski resorts: Evidence based on monthly data, Tourism Management, Volume 53, Pages 61-73, ISSN 0261-5177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.002.
  • Falk, M. & Vieru, M. (2017) Demand for downhill skiing in subarctic climates, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17:4, 388-405, DOI: 10.1080/15022250.2016.1238780
  • Gomez-Martin, B. (2005). Weather, climate and tourism a geographical perspective. Annals of tourism Research, 52 (5), 571-591.
  • Gomez-Martin, B. (2006). Climate potential and tourist demand in Catalonia (Spain) during the summer season, Climate Research, 32: 75-87.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., Ceron, J. P., & Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change. Annals of tourism research, 39(1), 36-58.
  • Hamilton, J., Lau, M. (2005). The role of climate information in tourist destination choice decision-making. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Biometeorology Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 608-611.
  • Hayden, M.H., Brenkert-Smith, H., Wilhelmi, O.V. (2011). Differential Adaptive Capacity to Extreme Heat: A Phoenix, Arizona, Case Study. Weather, Climate & Society, 3(4), P. 269-280.
  • Hewer, M. J., Scott, D., & Gough, W. A. (2015). Tourism climatology for camping: A case study of two Ontario parks (Canada). Theoretical and applied climatology, 121(3-4), 401-411.
  • Hewer, M., Scott, D., French, A. (2016): Seasonal weather sensitivity, temperature thresholds, and climate change impacts for park visitation, Tourism Geographies, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2016.1172662
  • Hewer, M. J., & Gough, W. A. (2016a). Weather sensitivity for zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada: a quantitative analysis of historical data. International journal of biometeorology, 60(11), 1645-1660.
  • Hewer, M.J., & Gough, W.A. (2016b). Assessing the Impact of Projected Climate Change on Zoo Visitation in Toronto (Canada). Journal Of Geography And Geology, 8(2), p30. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n2p30
  • Hewer, M.J.; Gough, W.A. (2016c). The Effect of Seasonal Climatic Anomalies on Zoo Visitation in Toronto (Canada) and the Implications for Projected Climate Change. Atmosphere 2016, 7, 71.
  • Hewer, M.J., Scott, D.J. & Gough, W.A. (2017) Differences in the importance of weather and weather-based decisions among campers in Ontario parks (Canada). Int J Biometeorol 61: 1805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1364-7
  • Hewer, M.J., Scott, D.J. & Gough, W.A. (2018). Differential temperature preferences and thresholds among summer campers in Ontario’s southern provincial parks: a Canadian case study in tourism climatology Theor Appl Climatol 133: 1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2248-9
  • Hewer, M.J., Gough, W.A. (2018). Using a Multi-Year Temporal Climate Analogue Approach to Assess Climate Change Impacts on Park Visitation. Weather, Climate & Society, EOR. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0025.1
  • Hondula, D.M., Vanos, J.K., Gosling, S.N. (2014). The SSC: a decade of climate-health research and future directions. Int J Biometeorol, 58(2): 109-120.
  • Höppe, P., (1999). The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology 43, 71-75.
  • IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
  • Kalkstein, L.S., Barthel, D.C., Greene, S.J., Nichols, M.C. (1996) A new spatial synoptic classification: application to air mass analysis. International Journal of Climatology, 16: 983-1004.
  • Kent, W.P., Sheridan, S.C. (2011). The Impact of Cloud Cover on Major League Baseball. Weather, Climate & Society, 3(1), P. 7-15. Lam, C.K.C., Loughnan, M. & Tapper, N. (2016). Visitors’ perception of thermal comfort during extreme heat events at the Royal Botanic Garden Melbourne.Int J Biometeorol. doi:10.1007/s00484-015-1125-4
  • Lin, T.P. (2009). Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Building and Environment. 44, 2017-2026.
  • Lise, W., Tol, R. (2002). Impact of climate on tourist demand. Climatic Change, 55: 429-449.
  • Maddison, D., (2001). In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists. Climatic Change, 49(1/2): 196-208.
  • Mason, P. (2000) Zoo Tourism: the Need for More Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(4): 333-339. Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H. (1996). Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress. WHO collaborating centre for air quality management and air pollution control. Newsletters 18:7-10.
  • Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds., 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, 841 pp. doi:10.7930/J0Z31WJ2.
  • Mieczkowski, Z. (1985). The tourism climatic index: a method of evaluating world climates for tourism. The Canadian Geographer, 29, 220‐233.
  • Moreno, A., (2010). Mediterranean tourism and climate (change): a survey-based study. Tourism Planning and Development, 7: 253-265.
  • Morgan, R., Gatell, E., Junyent, R., Micallef, A., Ozhan, E., and Williams, A. (2000). An improved user‐based beach climate index. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 6, 41‐50.
  • Nicholls, S., Holecek, D.F., and Noh, J. (2008). Impact of weather variability on golfing activity and implications of climate change, Tourism Analysis, 13: 117-130.
  • NOAA’s Midwest Regional Climate Center (2014). Climate Normals by City.
  • Olya, H. G. T., & Alipour, H. (2015). Risk assessment of precipitation and the tourism climate index. Tourism Management, 50(Supplement C), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.010
  • Paudyal, R., Stein, T.V., KC, B. et al. Int J Biometeorol (2019) 63: 1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01715-z
  • Perkins, D.R. (2012). ‘Forecasting Tourist Decisions Regarding Zoo Attendance Using Weather and Climate References’, Master’s Thesis.
  • Perkins, D.R. Int J Biometeorol (2016). Using synoptic weather types to predict visitor attendance at Atlanta and Indianapolis zoological parks. doi:10.1007/s00484-016-1142-y
  • Perkins, D.R.; Debbage, K.G. (2016). Weather and Tourism: Thermal Comfort and Zoological Park Visitor Attendance. Atmosphere, 7, 44.
  • Personal Communication (2015a). Robin Rushton, Indianapolis Zoo Corporate Sponsorships, January 30, 2016.
  • Personal Communication (2015b). Susan Gallagher, St. Louis Zoo Public Relations, February 14, 2016.
  • Ploner, A. and Brandenburg, C. (2003). Modelling visitor attendance levels subject to day of the week and weather: a comparison between linear regression models and regression trees. Journal for Nature Conservation, 11, 297-308.
  • Rossello, J., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2014). Recent trends in international tourist climate preferences: A revised picture for climatic change scenarios. Climatic Change, 124(1–2), 119–132. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1086-3
  • Rutty, M., Scott, D. (2010). Will the Mediterranean become ‘too hot’ for tourism? A reassessment, Tourism Planning and Development, 7: 267-281.
  • Rutty, M., Scott, D. (2015) Bioclimatic Comfort and the Thermal Perceptions and Preferences of Beach Tourists. International Journal of Biometeorology.
  • Salata, Ferdinando, et al. "Relating microclimate, human thermal comfort and health during heat waves: An analysis of heat island mitigation strategies through a case study in an urban outdoor environment." Sustainable cities and society 30 (2017): 79-96. Santos Nouri, Andre, et al. "Approaches to outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through public space design: A review." Atmosphere 9.3 (2018): 108.
  • Scott, D., and Jones, B. (2006). The Impact of Climate Change on Golf Participation in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA): A Case Study. Journal of Leisure Research, 38, 3, pp. 363-380.
  • Scott, D., Gossling, S., and de Freitas, C.R. (2008). Preferred climates for tourism: case studies from Canada, New Zealand and Sweden. Climate Research, 38, 61-73.
  • Scott, D., Hall, M, and Gossling, S. (2012). Tourism and climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Scott, D., Jones, B. 2006 (in press). The impact of climate change on golf participation in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA): a case study. Journal of Leisure Research 38(4).
  • Scott, D., Steiger, R., Rutty, M., Fang, Y. (2018) The changing geography of the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in a warmer world. Current Issues in Tourism 0:0, pages 1-11.
  • Scott, D., Steiger, R., Rutty, M., Johnson, P. (2015) The future of the Olympic Winter Games in an era of climate change, Current Issues in Tourism, 18:10, 913-930, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2014.887664
  • Scott, D., Steiger, R., Rutty, M., Pons, M., Johnson, P. (2017) The differential futures of ski tourism in Ontario (Canada) under climate change: the limits of snowmaking adaptation, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2017.1401984
  • Scott, D., Rutty, M., Amelung, B., & Tang, M. (2016). An inter-comparison of the holiday climate index (HCI) and the tourism climate index (TCI) in Europe. Atmosphere, 7(6), 80.
  • Sheridan, S.C (2002). The redevelopment of a weather-type classification scheme for North America. Int J Climatol 22(1):51–68. United States Census Bureau. (2012) "Combined Statistical Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico"
  • Wirth, K. (2010). The weather preferences of German tourists. Thesis Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich.
Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 195 - 225, 27.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Andrade, H., Alcoforado, M-J., and Oliveira, S. (2011). Perception of temperature and wind by users of public outdoor spaces: relationships with weather parameters and personal characteristics. International Journal of Biometeorology, 55, 5, 665-680.
  • ASHRAE (2001) ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, 8. American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
  • ASHRAE (2004) ASHRAE Standard 55–2004: Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
  • Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Zoo and Aquarium Statistics, 2018.
  • Aylen, J., Albertson, K., & Cavan, G. (2014). The impact of weather and climate on tourism demand: the case of Chester Zoo. Climatic Change, 127, 183-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-014-1261-6
  • Becken, S. and Wilson, J. (2013) The impacts of weather on tourist travel, Tourism Geographies 15 (4): 620-639.
  • Besancenot, J.P., Mouiner, J., De Lavenne, F. (1978). Les conditions climatiques du tourisme littoral. Norois, 99: 357-382.
  • Bigano, A., Hamilton, J., and Tol, R. (2006). The Impact of Climate on Holiday Destination Choice. Climatic Change, 76, 389-406.
  • Brandenburg, C. and Ploner, A. (2002). Models to predict visitor attendance levels and the presence of specific user groups. Monitoring and management of visitor flows in recreational and protected areas. Conference proceedings, 166-172.
  • Caldeira, A.M. & Kastenholz, E. (2018) It’s so hot: predicting climate change effects on urban tourists’ time–space experience, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26:9, 1516-1542, DOI:10.1080/09669582.2018.1478840
  • Cellini, R., & Cuccia, T. (2018). How free admittance affects charged visits to museums: an analysis of the Italian case. Oxford Economic Papers, 70(3), 680-698.
  • Davey, G. (2007) An analysis of country, socio-economic and time factors on worldwide zoo attendance during a 40 year period, International Zoo Yearbook, 41(1): 217-225.
  • de Freitas C.R, 2014. Weather and place-based human behaviour: recreational preferences and sensitivity. International Journal of Biometeorology. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0824-6
  • de Freitas, C.R. (1990). Recreation climate assessment. International Journal of Climatology, 10: 89-103.
  • de Freitas, C.R., Matzarakis, A. and Scott, D., 2007. Climate, tourism and recreation: research progress a decade on. In: Matzarakis, A., de Freitas, C.R., Scott, D. (eds.), 2007. Developments in Tourism Climatology. Commission on Climate, Tourism and Recreation. International Society of Biometeorology. ISBN: 978-3-00-024110-9.
  • de Freitas, C.R., Scott, D. and McBoyle, G., 2008. A second generation climate index for tourism (CIT): specification and verification. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52 (5), 399-407.
  • Falk, M. (2014). Impact of weather conditions on tourism demand in the peak summer season over the last 50 years. Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume 9, Pages 24-35, ISSN 2211-9736, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2013.11.001.
  • Falk, M. (2015). Summer weather conditions and tourism flows in urban and rural destinations. Climatic Change, 30: 201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1349-7
  • Falk, M., Hagsten, E. (2016). Importance of early snowfall for Swedish ski resorts: Evidence based on monthly data, Tourism Management, Volume 53, Pages 61-73, ISSN 0261-5177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.002.
  • Falk, M. & Vieru, M. (2017) Demand for downhill skiing in subarctic climates, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17:4, 388-405, DOI: 10.1080/15022250.2016.1238780
  • Gomez-Martin, B. (2005). Weather, climate and tourism a geographical perspective. Annals of tourism Research, 52 (5), 571-591.
  • Gomez-Martin, B. (2006). Climate potential and tourist demand in Catalonia (Spain) during the summer season, Climate Research, 32: 75-87.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., Ceron, J. P., & Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer behaviour and demand response of tourists to climate change. Annals of tourism research, 39(1), 36-58.
  • Hamilton, J., Lau, M. (2005). The role of climate information in tourist destination choice decision-making. Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Biometeorology Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 608-611.
  • Hayden, M.H., Brenkert-Smith, H., Wilhelmi, O.V. (2011). Differential Adaptive Capacity to Extreme Heat: A Phoenix, Arizona, Case Study. Weather, Climate & Society, 3(4), P. 269-280.
  • Hewer, M. J., Scott, D., & Gough, W. A. (2015). Tourism climatology for camping: A case study of two Ontario parks (Canada). Theoretical and applied climatology, 121(3-4), 401-411.
  • Hewer, M., Scott, D., French, A. (2016): Seasonal weather sensitivity, temperature thresholds, and climate change impacts for park visitation, Tourism Geographies, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2016.1172662
  • Hewer, M. J., & Gough, W. A. (2016a). Weather sensitivity for zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada: a quantitative analysis of historical data. International journal of biometeorology, 60(11), 1645-1660.
  • Hewer, M.J., & Gough, W.A. (2016b). Assessing the Impact of Projected Climate Change on Zoo Visitation in Toronto (Canada). Journal Of Geography And Geology, 8(2), p30. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v8n2p30
  • Hewer, M.J.; Gough, W.A. (2016c). The Effect of Seasonal Climatic Anomalies on Zoo Visitation in Toronto (Canada) and the Implications for Projected Climate Change. Atmosphere 2016, 7, 71.
  • Hewer, M.J., Scott, D.J. & Gough, W.A. (2017) Differences in the importance of weather and weather-based decisions among campers in Ontario parks (Canada). Int J Biometeorol 61: 1805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1364-7
  • Hewer, M.J., Scott, D.J. & Gough, W.A. (2018). Differential temperature preferences and thresholds among summer campers in Ontario’s southern provincial parks: a Canadian case study in tourism climatology Theor Appl Climatol 133: 1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2248-9
  • Hewer, M.J., Gough, W.A. (2018). Using a Multi-Year Temporal Climate Analogue Approach to Assess Climate Change Impacts on Park Visitation. Weather, Climate & Society, EOR. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0025.1
  • Hondula, D.M., Vanos, J.K., Gosling, S.N. (2014). The SSC: a decade of climate-health research and future directions. Int J Biometeorol, 58(2): 109-120.
  • Höppe, P., (1999). The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology 43, 71-75.
  • IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.
  • Kalkstein, L.S., Barthel, D.C., Greene, S.J., Nichols, M.C. (1996) A new spatial synoptic classification: application to air mass analysis. International Journal of Climatology, 16: 983-1004.
  • Kent, W.P., Sheridan, S.C. (2011). The Impact of Cloud Cover on Major League Baseball. Weather, Climate & Society, 3(1), P. 7-15. Lam, C.K.C., Loughnan, M. & Tapper, N. (2016). Visitors’ perception of thermal comfort during extreme heat events at the Royal Botanic Garden Melbourne.Int J Biometeorol. doi:10.1007/s00484-015-1125-4
  • Lin, T.P. (2009). Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Building and Environment. 44, 2017-2026.
  • Lise, W., Tol, R. (2002). Impact of climate on tourist demand. Climatic Change, 55: 429-449.
  • Maddison, D., (2001). In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists. Climatic Change, 49(1/2): 196-208.
  • Mason, P. (2000) Zoo Tourism: the Need for More Research, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(4): 333-339. Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H. (1996). Another kind of environmental stress: thermal stress. WHO collaborating centre for air quality management and air pollution control. Newsletters 18:7-10.
  • Melillo, Jerry M., Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and Gary W. Yohe, Eds., 2014: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, 841 pp. doi:10.7930/J0Z31WJ2.
  • Mieczkowski, Z. (1985). The tourism climatic index: a method of evaluating world climates for tourism. The Canadian Geographer, 29, 220‐233.
  • Moreno, A., (2010). Mediterranean tourism and climate (change): a survey-based study. Tourism Planning and Development, 7: 253-265.
  • Morgan, R., Gatell, E., Junyent, R., Micallef, A., Ozhan, E., and Williams, A. (2000). An improved user‐based beach climate index. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 6, 41‐50.
  • Nicholls, S., Holecek, D.F., and Noh, J. (2008). Impact of weather variability on golfing activity and implications of climate change, Tourism Analysis, 13: 117-130.
  • NOAA’s Midwest Regional Climate Center (2014). Climate Normals by City.
  • Olya, H. G. T., & Alipour, H. (2015). Risk assessment of precipitation and the tourism climate index. Tourism Management, 50(Supplement C), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.010
  • Paudyal, R., Stein, T.V., KC, B. et al. Int J Biometeorol (2019) 63: 1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01715-z
  • Perkins, D.R. (2012). ‘Forecasting Tourist Decisions Regarding Zoo Attendance Using Weather and Climate References’, Master’s Thesis.
  • Perkins, D.R. Int J Biometeorol (2016). Using synoptic weather types to predict visitor attendance at Atlanta and Indianapolis zoological parks. doi:10.1007/s00484-016-1142-y
  • Perkins, D.R.; Debbage, K.G. (2016). Weather and Tourism: Thermal Comfort and Zoological Park Visitor Attendance. Atmosphere, 7, 44.
  • Personal Communication (2015a). Robin Rushton, Indianapolis Zoo Corporate Sponsorships, January 30, 2016.
  • Personal Communication (2015b). Susan Gallagher, St. Louis Zoo Public Relations, February 14, 2016.
  • Ploner, A. and Brandenburg, C. (2003). Modelling visitor attendance levels subject to day of the week and weather: a comparison between linear regression models and regression trees. Journal for Nature Conservation, 11, 297-308.
  • Rossello, J., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2014). Recent trends in international tourist climate preferences: A revised picture for climatic change scenarios. Climatic Change, 124(1–2), 119–132. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1086-3
  • Rutty, M., Scott, D. (2010). Will the Mediterranean become ‘too hot’ for tourism? A reassessment, Tourism Planning and Development, 7: 267-281.
  • Rutty, M., Scott, D. (2015) Bioclimatic Comfort and the Thermal Perceptions and Preferences of Beach Tourists. International Journal of Biometeorology.
  • Salata, Ferdinando, et al. "Relating microclimate, human thermal comfort and health during heat waves: An analysis of heat island mitigation strategies through a case study in an urban outdoor environment." Sustainable cities and society 30 (2017): 79-96. Santos Nouri, Andre, et al. "Approaches to outdoor thermal comfort thresholds through public space design: A review." Atmosphere 9.3 (2018): 108.
  • Scott, D., and Jones, B. (2006). The Impact of Climate Change on Golf Participation in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA): A Case Study. Journal of Leisure Research, 38, 3, pp. 363-380.
  • Scott, D., Gossling, S., and de Freitas, C.R. (2008). Preferred climates for tourism: case studies from Canada, New Zealand and Sweden. Climate Research, 38, 61-73.
  • Scott, D., Hall, M, and Gossling, S. (2012). Tourism and climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Scott, D., Jones, B. 2006 (in press). The impact of climate change on golf participation in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA): a case study. Journal of Leisure Research 38(4).
  • Scott, D., Steiger, R., Rutty, M., Fang, Y. (2018) The changing geography of the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in a warmer world. Current Issues in Tourism 0:0, pages 1-11.
  • Scott, D., Steiger, R., Rutty, M., Johnson, P. (2015) The future of the Olympic Winter Games in an era of climate change, Current Issues in Tourism, 18:10, 913-930, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2014.887664
  • Scott, D., Steiger, R., Rutty, M., Pons, M., Johnson, P. (2017) The differential futures of ski tourism in Ontario (Canada) under climate change: the limits of snowmaking adaptation, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2017.1401984
  • Scott, D., Rutty, M., Amelung, B., & Tang, M. (2016). An inter-comparison of the holiday climate index (HCI) and the tourism climate index (TCI) in Europe. Atmosphere, 7(6), 80.
  • Sheridan, S.C (2002). The redevelopment of a weather-type classification scheme for North America. Int J Climatol 22(1):51–68. United States Census Bureau. (2012) "Combined Statistical Areas of the United States and Puerto Rico"
  • Wirth, K. (2010). The weather preferences of German tourists. Thesis Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munich.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

David Perkins 0000-0001-9380-0565

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Perkins, D. (2021). Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate. Journal of Tourismology, 7(2), 195-225. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896
AMA Perkins D. Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate. Journal of Tourismology. Aralık 2021;7(2):195-225. doi:10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896
Chicago Perkins, David. “Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate”. Journal of Tourismology 7, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 195-225. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896.
EndNote Perkins D (01 Aralık 2021) Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate. Journal of Tourismology 7 2 195–225.
IEEE D. Perkins, “Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate”, Journal of Tourismology, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 195–225, 2021, doi: 10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896.
ISNAD Perkins, David. “Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate”. Journal of Tourismology 7/2 (Aralık 2021), 195-225. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896.
JAMA Perkins D. Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate. Journal of Tourismology. 2021;7:195–225.
MLA Perkins, David. “Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate”. Journal of Tourismology, c. 7, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 195-2, doi:10.26650/jot.2021.7.2.967896.
Vancouver Perkins D. Thermal Environments and Visitor Attendance in Zoological Parks: Observations in A Humid Continental Climate. Journal of Tourismology. 2021;7(2):195-22.