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Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in a Sample of Older Adults in Turkey

Year 2021, , 31 - 39, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2021.1089891

Abstract

Anxiety is a prevalent illness among older adults, and it should be assessed using psychometrically robust diagnostic tools owing to the fact that physical symptoms suppress geriatric anxiety. It is challenging to assess anxiety in older people due to variations in worries, such as older adults being more concerned about their lives and complaining of decreased arousal. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) is a new, well-known, and adaptable measure created to evaluate anxiety in the older population while avoiding the abovementioned issues. The present study aims to measure the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the GAI in a Turkish sample of older adults (n = 199). In the current research, ninety-four male (47.2%) and one hundred five female (52.8%) participants are enrolled. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) proves that the GAI three-dimensional model is statistically significant. Good internal consistency results and corrected item-total correlations prove the inventory's reliability. Additionally, concurrent validity is shown to be reasonable based on the association between geriatric anxiety and many conceptually related variables (general anxiety, life satisfaction, positive and negative affect), and discriminant validity is found to be satisfactory based on the correlation between geriatric anxiety and an unrelated measure (social desirability). The psychometric characteristics of the GAI are discussed in light of current findings on the value of evidence-based evaluation in older people.

References

  • Alwahhabi, F. (2003). Anxiety symptoms and generalized anxiety disorder in the elderly: a review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 11(4), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220303944
  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2019). Amos. In (Version 26) [Computer software]. IBM SPSS, Amos Development Corporation.
  • Areán, P. A. (1997). Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patients. Psychological Assessment, 9(2), 136-144.
  • Ayers, C. R., Sorrell, J. T., Thorp, S. R., & Wetherell, J. L. (2007). Evidence-based psychological treatments for late-life anxiety. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.8
  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance-Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
  • Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional Wisdom on Measurement - a Structural Equation Perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), 305-314. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.305
  • Byrne, G. J., & Pachana, N. A. (2011). Development and validation of a short form of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory--the GAI-SF. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(1), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001237
  • Byrne, G. J., Pachana, N. A., Goncalves, D. C., Arnold, E., King, R., & Khoo, S. K. (2010). Psychometric properties and health correlates of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in Australian community-residing older women. Aging & Mental Health, 14(3), 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607861003587628
  • Champagne, A., Landreville, P., & Gosselin, P. (2021). A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Canadian Journal on Aging. La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 40(3), 376-395. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980820000185
  • Champagne, A., Landreville, P., Gosselin, P., & Carmichael, P. H. (2018). Psychometric properties of the French Canadian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1226767
  • Diefenbach, G. J., Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., & Gilliam, C. M. (2009). Assessment of anxiety in older home care recipients. Gerontologist, 49(2), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp019
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gencoz, T. (2010). Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish University Students, Correctional Officers, and Elderly Adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9589-4
  • Gencoz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28.
  • Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700021644
  • Gould, C. E., Kok, B. C., Ma, V. K., & Edelstein, B. A. (2021). Clinical Assessment of Late-Life Anxiety. In G. J. Byrne & N. A. Pachana (Eds.), Anxiety in Older People (pp. 79-96). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139087469.006
  • Gould, C. E., Segal, D. L., Yochim, B. P., Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., & Beaudreau, S. A. (2014). Measuring anxiety in late life: a psychometric examination of the geriatric anxiety inventory and geriatric anxiety scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(8), 804-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.08.001
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling-a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • IBM-Corp. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. In (Version 26) [Computer software]. IBM Corporation.
  • Johnco, C., Knight, A., Tadic, D., & Wuthrich, V. M. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) and its short-form (GAI-SF) in a clinical and non-clinical sample of older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), 1089-1097. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214001586
  • Kashimura, M., Ishizu, K., Fukumori, T., Ishiwata, A., Tateno, A., Nomura, T., & Pachana, N. A. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory for community-dwelling older adults. Psychogeriatrics, 21(3), 378-386. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12683
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4 ed.). Guilford Publications.
  • Kogan, J. N., Edelstein, B. A., & McKee, D. R. (2000). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: current status. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(2), 109-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00044-4
  • Kvaal, K., Ulstein, I., Nordhus, I. H., & Engedal, K. (2005). The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): the state scale in detecting mental disorders in geriatric patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(7), 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1330
  • Marquez-Gonzalez, M., Losada, A., Fernandez-Fernandez, V., & Pachana, N. A. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(1), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211001505
  • Massena, P. N., de Araujo, N. B., Pachana, N., Laks, J., & de Padua, A. C. (2015). Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese Version of Geriatric Anxiety Inventory--GAI-BR. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), 1113-1119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214001021
  • Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
  • Miranda-Castillo, C., Contreras, D., Garay, K., Martinez, P., Leon-Campos, M. O., Farhang, M., Moran, J., & Fernandez- Fernandez, V. (2019). Validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in Chilean older people. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 83, 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.019
  • Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., Siddle, H., Koloski, N., Harley, E., & Arnold, E. (2007). Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. International Psychogeriatrics, 19(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610206003504
  • Ribeiro, O., Paul, C., Simoes, M. R., & Firmino, H. (2011). Portuguese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory: transcultural adaptation and psychometric validation. Aging & Mental Health, 15(6), 742-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.562177
  • Rozzini, L., Chilovi, B. V., Peli, M., Conti, M., Rozzini, R., Trabucchi, M., & Padovani, A. (2009). Anxiety symptoms in mild cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(3), 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2106
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Shati, M., Mortazavi, S. S., Taban, M., Malakouti, S. K., Mehravaran, S., Norouzi, A., & Pachana, N. A. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-PV) and its short form [Original Research]. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 35(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.35.47
  • Stöber, J. (2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.222
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6 ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Therrien, Z., & Hunsley, J. (2012). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: a systematic review of commonly used measures. Aging & Mental Health, 16(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.602960
  • Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12(2), 163.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
  • Wetherell, J. L., Thorp, S. R., Patterson, T. L., Golshan, S., Jeste, D. V., & Gatz, M. (2004). Quality of life in geriatric generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(3), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.09.003
  • Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Castriotta, N., Lenze, E. J., Stanley, M. A., & Craske, M. G. (2010). Anxiety disorders in older adults: a comprehensive review. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 190-211. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20653
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Year 2021, , 31 - 39, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2021.1089891

Abstract

References

  • Alwahhabi, F. (2003). Anxiety symptoms and generalized anxiety disorder in the elderly: a review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 11(4), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220303944
  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2019). Amos. In (Version 26) [Computer software]. IBM SPSS, Amos Development Corporation.
  • Areán, P. A. (1997). Psychometric evaluation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory with older medical patients. Psychological Assessment, 9(2), 136-144.
  • Ayers, C. R., Sorrell, J. T., Thorp, S. R., & Wetherell, J. L. (2007). Evidence-based psychological treatments for late-life anxiety. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 8-17. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.8
  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance-Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
  • Bollen, K., & Lennox, R. (1991). Conventional Wisdom on Measurement - a Structural Equation Perspective. Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), 305-314. https://doi.org/Doi 10.1037/0033-2909.110.2.305
  • Byrne, G. J., & Pachana, N. A. (2011). Development and validation of a short form of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory--the GAI-SF. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(1), 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001237
  • Byrne, G. J., Pachana, N. A., Goncalves, D. C., Arnold, E., King, R., & Khoo, S. K. (2010). Psychometric properties and health correlates of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in Australian community-residing older women. Aging & Mental Health, 14(3), 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607861003587628
  • Champagne, A., Landreville, P., & Gosselin, P. (2021). A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Canadian Journal on Aging. La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 40(3), 376-395. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980820000185
  • Champagne, A., Landreville, P., Gosselin, P., & Carmichael, P. H. (2018). Psychometric properties of the French Canadian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Aging & Mental Health, 22(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1226767
  • Diefenbach, G. J., Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., & Gilliam, C. M. (2009). Assessment of anxiety in older home care recipients. Gerontologist, 49(2), 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp019
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gencoz, T. (2010). Psychometric Properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish University Students, Correctional Officers, and Elderly Adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9589-4
  • Gencoz, T. (2000). Positive and negative affect schedule: A study of validity and reliability. Turk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-28.
  • Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9(1), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700021644
  • Gould, C. E., Kok, B. C., Ma, V. K., & Edelstein, B. A. (2021). Clinical Assessment of Late-Life Anxiety. In G. J. Byrne & N. A. Pachana (Eds.), Anxiety in Older People (pp. 79-96). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139087469.006
  • Gould, C. E., Segal, D. L., Yochim, B. P., Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., & Beaudreau, S. A. (2014). Measuring anxiety in late life: a psychometric examination of the geriatric anxiety inventory and geriatric anxiety scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(8), 804-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.08.001
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling-a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • IBM-Corp. (2019). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. In (Version 26) [Computer software]. IBM Corporation.
  • Johnco, C., Knight, A., Tadic, D., & Wuthrich, V. M. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) and its short-form (GAI-SF) in a clinical and non-clinical sample of older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), 1089-1097. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214001586
  • Kashimura, M., Ishizu, K., Fukumori, T., Ishiwata, A., Tateno, A., Nomura, T., & Pachana, N. A. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory for community-dwelling older adults. Psychogeriatrics, 21(3), 378-386. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12683
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4 ed.). Guilford Publications.
  • Kogan, J. N., Edelstein, B. A., & McKee, D. R. (2000). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: current status. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14(2), 109-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00044-4
  • Kvaal, K., Ulstein, I., Nordhus, I. H., & Engedal, K. (2005). The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI): the state scale in detecting mental disorders in geriatric patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(7), 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1330
  • Marquez-Gonzalez, M., Losada, A., Fernandez-Fernandez, V., & Pachana, N. A. (2012). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(1), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211001505
  • Massena, P. N., de Araujo, N. B., Pachana, N., Laks, J., & de Padua, A. C. (2015). Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese Version of Geriatric Anxiety Inventory--GAI-BR. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(7), 1113-1119. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214001021
  • Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
  • Miranda-Castillo, C., Contreras, D., Garay, K., Martinez, P., Leon-Campos, M. O., Farhang, M., Moran, J., & Fernandez- Fernandez, V. (2019). Validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in Chilean older people. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 83, 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.019
  • Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., Siddle, H., Koloski, N., Harley, E., & Arnold, E. (2007). Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. International Psychogeriatrics, 19(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610206003504
  • Ribeiro, O., Paul, C., Simoes, M. R., & Firmino, H. (2011). Portuguese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory: transcultural adaptation and psychometric validation. Aging & Mental Health, 15(6), 742-748. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.562177
  • Rozzini, L., Chilovi, B. V., Peli, M., Conti, M., Rozzini, R., Trabucchi, M., & Padovani, A. (2009). Anxiety symptoms in mild cognitive impairment. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(3), 300-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2106
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Shati, M., Mortazavi, S. S., Taban, M., Malakouti, S. K., Mehravaran, S., Norouzi, A., & Pachana, N. A. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-PV) and its short form [Original Research]. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 35(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.35.47
  • Stöber, J. (2001). The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.222
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6 ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Therrien, Z., & Hunsley, J. (2012). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: a systematic review of commonly used measures. Aging & Mental Health, 16(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2011.602960
  • Ulusoy, M., Sahin, N. H., & Erkmen, H. (1998). Turkish version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 12(2), 163.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
  • Wetherell, J. L., Thorp, S. R., Patterson, T. L., Golshan, S., Jeste, D. V., & Gatz, M. (2004). Quality of life in geriatric generalized anxiety disorder: a preliminary investigation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38(3), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2003.09.003
  • Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Castriotta, N., Lenze, E. J., Stanley, M. A., & Craske, M. G. (2010). Anxiety disorders in older adults: a comprehensive review. Depression and Anxiety, 27(2), 190-211. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20653
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Psychology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mithat Durak 0000-0002-4157-5519

Emre Şenol Durak 0000-0002-8065-1633

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Acceptance Date December 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Durak, M., & Şenol Durak, E. (2021). Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in a Sample of Older Adults in Turkey. Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care, 4(2), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.51819/jaltc.2021.1089891

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The National and Applied Gerontology Association (NASAG) is a leading non-profit organization in Türkiye that promotes healthy and productive aging via evidence-based research. The utilization of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research in gerontology is crucial in integrating research, practice, and policy, given the need for evidence-based programming to improve the quality of life in old age. As an advocate for social action for older people, the NASAG is particularly concerned that public policies are strongly and genuinely focused on supporting and protecting the most vulnerable, marginalized, or disadvantaged older people.

The NASAG has been a member of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG) since 2007.