Validation of the Turkish Revised Algase Wandering Scale – Long Term Care Version (TR-RAWS-LTC) For People With Dementia in Türkiye

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 81 - 97, 30.09.2023

Serap Bayram , Özlem Altınbaş Akkaş

Abstract

The Revised Algase Wandering Scale—Long-Term Care Version (RAWS-LTC) is a tool used to measure the level of wandering in people with dementia who live in Long-Term Care (LTC) facilities. This study aims to adapt RAWS-LTC to Turkish (TR) and determine its psychometric suitability. The scale was translated from its original language, English, into Turkish and then translated back to English by bilingual translators. It was then reviewed and evaluated according to translation problems and equivalence degrees. In this study, TR-RAWS-LTC was administered to eighty-six wanderers and fifty-six non-wanderers with dementia by nurses. The triple conceptual structure of TR-RAWS-LTC, consisting of persistent walking, eloping behavior, and spatial disorientation sub-dimensions, was confirmed by factor analysis. TR-RAWS-LTC total and three sub-dimension score levels were significantly different in wanderers with dementia compared to non-wanderers. A valid and reliable wandering assessment tool that can be easily applied by caregivers of individuals with dementia in long-term care has been brought to the Turkish literature.

Keywords

Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Wandering Behavior, Long Term Care, RAWS-LTC, Cross-Cultural Adaptation

References

• Adekoya, A. A., & Guse, L. (2019). Wandering behavior from the perspectives of older adults with mild to moderate dementia in long-term care. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 12(5), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.3928/19404921-20190522-01
• Algase, D. L., Beattie, E. R., Bogue, E. L., & Yao, L. (2001). The Algase Wandering Scale: Initial psychometrics of a new caregiver reporting tool. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 16(3), 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1171
• Algase, D. L., Beattie, E. R., Song, J. A., Milke, D., Duffield, C., & Cowan, B. (2004). Behavioral symptoms of dementia: Their measurement and intervention. Validation of the Algase Wandering Scale (Version 2) in across cultural sample. Aging and Mental Health, 8(2), 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860410001649644
• Algase, D. L., Moore, D. H., Gavin-Dreschnack, D., & VandeWeerd, C. (2007). Wandering definitions and terms. In Evidence-Based Protocols for Managing Wandering Behaviors. (pp. 3-6). Springer Publishing Company, New York.
• Alzheimer’s Disease International. (ADI, 2016). World Alzheimer Report 2016: Improving Healthcare for People Living with Dementia. https://www.alz.co.uk/research/WorldAlzheimerReport2016.pdf.
• Aud, M. A. (2004). Dangerous wandering: Elopements of older adults with dementia from long-term care facilities. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 19(6), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/153331750401900602
• Bayram, S., Usta, E., & Ardic, A. (2021). Utility of the Dementia Screening Interview (AD8) as a tool for elderly receiving institutional care. Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Multidisciplinary Studies in Medical Sciences, 68-74.
• Buyukozturk, S. (2002). Factor analysis: Basic concepts and using to development scale. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yonetimi, 32, 470-483.
• Buyukozturk, S. (2008). Handbook of Data Analyses for Social Sciences. Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
• Chung, J. C., & Lai, C. K. (2011). Elopement among community-dwelling older adults with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(1), 65-72. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210000657
• Cohen‐Mansfield, J., & Libin, A. (2004). Assessment of agitation in elderly patients with dementia: Correlations between informant rating and direct observation. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(9), 881-891. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1171
• Dewing, J. (2005). Screening for wandering among older persons with dementia. Nursing Older People, 17, 20-23. https://doi.org/10.7748/nop2005.05.17.3.20.c2372
• Dewing, J. (2011). Dementia care: Assess wander walking and apply strategies. Nursing and Residential Care, 13(10), 494-496. https://doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2011.13.10.494
• Ennis, E. M, & Kazer, M.W. (2013). The role of spiritual nursing interventions on improved outcomes in older adults with dementia. Holistic Nursing Practice, 27(2), 106-113. http://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0b013e318280f7f9
• Eroglu, A. (2009). Factor analyses. In S. Kalayci (ed.). SPSS applied multivariate statistical techniques. Ankara: Asil Publishing.
• Galvin, J. E., Roe, C. M., Coats, M. A., & Morris, J. C. (2007a). Patient's rating of cognitive ability: Using the AD8, a brief informant interview, as a self-rating tool to detect dementia. Archives of Neurology, 64(5), 725-730. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.5.725
• Galvin, J. E., Roe, C. M., & Morris, J. C. (2007). Evaluation of cognitive impairment in older adults: Combining brief informant and performance measures. Archives of Neurology, 64(5), 718-724. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.5.718
• Galvin, J. E., Roe, C. M., Powlishta, K. K., Coats, M. A., Muich, S. J., Grant, E.,... & Morris, J. C. (2005). The AD8: A brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology, 65(4), 559-564. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000172958.95282.2a
• Galvin, J. E., Roe, C. M., Xiong, C., & Morris, J. C. (2006). Validity and reliability of the AD8 informant interview in dementia. Neurology, 67(11), 1942-1948. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000247042.15547.eb
• Gu, L. (2015). Nursing interventions in managing wandering behavior in patients with dementia: A literature review. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(6), 454-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.06.003
• Halek, M., & Bartholomeyczik, S. (2012). Description of the behaviour of wandering in people with dementia living in nursing homes: A review of the literature. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 26(2), 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00932.x
• Jeong, J. G., Song, J. A., & Park, K. W. (2016). A relationship between depression and wandering in community-dwelling elders with dementia. Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders, 15(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2016.15.1.1
• Karakoc, F. Y., & Donmez, L. (2014). Olcek gelistirme calismalarinda temel ilkeler. Tip Egitimi Dunyasi, 13(40), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.228738
• Karaman, H., Atar, B., & Cobanoglu Aktan, D. (2017). The comparison of factor extraction methods used in exploratory factor analysis. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty-GUJGEF, 37(3), 1173-93. https://doi.org/10.17152/gefad.309356
• Klein, D. A., Steinberg, M., Galik, E., Steele, C., Sheppard, J. M., Warren, A.,... & Lyketsos, C. G. (1999). Wandering behaviour in community‐residing persons with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(4), 272-279.
• Lai, C. K., & Arthur, D. G. (2003). Wandering behaviour in people with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 44(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02781.x
• Marquardt, G., Bueter, K., & Motzek, T. (2014). Impact of the design of the built environment on people with dementia: An evidence-based review. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 8(1), 127-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758671400800111
• Martin, E., Biessy-Dalbe, N., Albaret, J. M., & Algase, D. L. (2015). French Validation of the Revised Algase Wandering Scale for Long-Term Care. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 30(8), 762-767. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317513494454
• Medical Subject Headings. (MeSH, 2011). Dementia. National Library of Medicine. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi
• Moore, D. H., Algase, D. L., Powell-Cope, G., Applegarth, S., & Beattie, E. R. (2009). A framework for managing wandering and preventing elopement. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 24(3), 208-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317509332625
• Neubauer, N. A., Azad-Khaneghah, P., Miguel-Cruz, A., & Liu, L. (2018). What do we know about strategies to manage dementia-related wandering? A scoping review. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, 10, 615-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadm.2018.08.001
• Ødbehr, L. S., Kvigne, K., Hauge, S., & Danbolt, L. J. (2015). Spiritual care to persons with dementia in nursing homes; a qualitative study of nurses and care workers experiences. BMC Nursing, 14(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-015-0122-6
• Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). Essentials of nursing research: Methods, appraisal, and utilization: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Raetz, J. (2013). A nondrug approach to dementia. Journal of Family Practice, 62, 548-557.
• Robinson, L., Hutchings, D., Corner, L., Finch, T., Hughes, J., Brittain, K., & Bond, J. (2007). Balancing rights and risks: Conflicting perspectives in the management of wandering in dementia. Health, Risk & Society, 9(4), 389-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698570701612774
• Rowe, M. A., Vandeveer, S. S., Greenblum, C. A., List, C. N., Fernandez, R. M., Mixson, N. E., & Ahn, H. C. (2011). Persons with dementia missing in the community: Is it wandering or something unique?. BMC Geriatrics, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-11-28
• Son, G. R, Song, J., & Lim, Y. M. (2006). Translation and validation of the Revised-Algase Wandering Scale (community version) among Korean elders with dementia. Aging and Mental Health 10(2), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860600609058
• Song, J. A., & Algase, D. (2008). Premorbid characteristics and wandering behavior in persons with dementia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 22(6), 318-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2007.10.008
• Tanner, D. (2012). Co-research with older people with dementia: experience and reflections. Journal of Mental Health, 21(3), 296-306. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2011.651658
• World Health Organization. (WHO, 2012). Dementia: A public health priority. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/mental health/publications/dementiareport 2012/en/