Research Article

Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama

Number: 62 December 30, 2024
EN TR

Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama

Abstract

Tennessee Williams emphasizes the importance of setting as an integral part of drama under the concept of what he called “plastic theatre.” Williams’s use of settings and methods, such as the screen device, effectively establishes a sense of distance, which is also considered a crucial dramatic element by Brecht and Sartre. Williams’s approach reflects a strong existentialist understanding, which is conveyed to the audience, particularly using settings that complement the dramatic text and dialogue. Based on Williams’s notion of setting as a means that transcends the limited space of the stage, this article focuses on some of the most important stage elements in the playwright’s settings and their significance in terms of symbolism, spatiality, and existentialism. These sets include images of jungles to depict the thematic notion of freedom (Suddenly Last Summer, 1958) and isolated spaces to illustrate anguish towards the facticity of current situations, but also towards the responsibility of decision-making and the uncertainty of the future (The Two-Character Play, 1979). As a response to these situations, the image of stairs pervades Williams’s drama, especially in The Glass Menagerie (1944), Stairs to the Roof (1947), and Camino Real (1953). This article concludes that, in line with existentialist philosophy, escape, and movement are shown as the only viable solutions for the self to assert its individuality through settings that vary from literal fire escapes to abstract and complex images.

Keywords

Tennessee Williams, stairs, movement, plastic theatre, existentialism, human condition

References

  1. Borny, Geoffrey. “The Two Glass Menageries: Reading Edition and Acting Edition.” Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie. Edited by Harold Bloom, Chelsea House Publishers, 1988, pp. 101-117.
  2. Brecht, Bertold. Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic. Edited by John Willet. Eyre Methuen, 1964.
  3. Brooks, Charles. “The Multiple Set in American Drama.” The Tulane Drama Review, vol. 3, no. 2, 1958, pp. 30-41.
  4. Cless, Downing. “Alienation and Contradiction in ‘Camino Real’: A Convergence of Williams and Brecht.” Theatre Journal, vol. 35, no. 1, 1983, pp. 41-50.
  5. Crandell, George W. “The Cinematic Eye in Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie.” The Tennessee Williams Annual Review, vol. 1, 1998, pp. 1-11.
  6. Devlin, Albert J, and Tennessee Williams. Conversations with Tennessee Williams. UP of Mississippi, 1986.
  7. --- The Selected Letters of Tennessee Williams, Vol. II: 1945-1957. New Directions Books, 2000.
  8. Durmišević, Nudžejma. “Plastic Theatre and Selective Realism of Tennessee Williams.” Anaphora, vol. 5, no. 1, 2018, pp. 95-119.
  9. Gassner, John. “Tennessee Williams: Dramatist of Frustration.” The English Journal, vol. 37, no. 8, 1948, pp. 387-393.
  10. Jackson, Esther M. “The Problem of Form in the Drama of Tennessee Williams.” CLA Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, 1960, pp. 8-21.
APA
Kafazi, H. (2024). Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama. Journal of American Studies of Turkey, 62, 65-87. https://izlik.org/JA84FY66WB
AMA
1.Kafazi H. Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama. JAST. 2024;(62):65-87. https://izlik.org/JA84FY66WB
Chicago
Kafazi, Hysni. 2024. “Stairs and Jungles: Setting As an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama”. Journal of American Studies of Turkey, nos. 62: 65-87. https://izlik.org/JA84FY66WB.
EndNote
Kafazi H (December 1, 2024) Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama. Journal of American Studies of Turkey 62 65–87.
IEEE
[1]H. Kafazi, “Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama”, JAST, no. 62, pp. 65–87, Dec. 2024, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA84FY66WB
ISNAD
Kafazi, Hysni. “Stairs and Jungles: Setting As an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama”. Journal of American Studies of Turkey. 62 (December 1, 2024): 65-87. https://izlik.org/JA84FY66WB.
JAMA
1.Kafazi H. Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama. JAST. 2024;:65–87.
MLA
Kafazi, Hysni. “Stairs and Jungles: Setting As an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama”. Journal of American Studies of Turkey, no. 62, Dec. 2024, pp. 65-87, https://izlik.org/JA84FY66WB.
Vancouver
1.Hysni Kafazi. Stairs and Jungles: Setting as an Existential Metaphor in Tennessee Williams’s Drama. JAST [Internet]. 2024 Dec. 1;(62):65-87. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA84FY66WB