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Year 2009, Issue: 29, 79 - 98, 01.04.2009

Abstract

References

  • Baraka, Imamu Amiri (LeRoi Jones). “Black Woman.” Black World (1970): 7-11.
  • Carmichael, Stokely and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. New York: Random House, 1967.
  • Christian, Barbara. “The Race for Theory.” Cultural Critique 6 (1987): 51-63. JSTOR. Web. Feb. 2008.
  • Clarke, Cheryl. After Mecca: Women Poets of the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2005.
  • Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. 1968. New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 1991.
  • Collins, Lisa Gale. “The Art of Transformation: Parallels in the Black Arts and Feminist Art Movements.” Collins and Crawford 273-96.
  • Collins, Lisa Gale and Margo Natalie Crawford, eds. New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2006.
  • De Veaux, Alexis. Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2004.
  • Fuller, Hoyt. “The New Black Literature: Protest of Affirmation.” Gayle 327-48.
  • Gayle, Addison Jr., ed. Black Expressions: Essays by and About Black Americans in the Creative Arts. New York, NY: Weybright and Talley, 1969.
  • Gates, Henry Louis Jr. and Nellie McKay, eds. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nd ed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2004.
  • Gerald, Carolyn F. “The Black Writer and His Role.” Gayle 349-56.
  • Giovanni, Nikki. “Beautiful Black Men.” The Collected Poetry of Nikki Giovanni, 1968-1998. New York, NY: William Morrow, 2003.
  • Lorde, Audre. “Conclusion.” From a Land Where Other People Live. Detroit, MI: Broadside Press, 1973.
  • ——. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1984.
  • Mance, Ajuan Maria. Inventing Black Women: African American Women Poets and SelfRepresentation, 1877-2000. Knoxville, TE: U of Tennessee P, 2007.
  • Neal, Larry. “The Black Arts Movement.” Gayle 257-74.
  • Pollard, Cherise. “Sexual Subversions, Political Inversions: Women’s Poetry and the Politics of the Black Arts Movement.” Collins and Crawford 173-86.
  • Sanchez, Sonia. “to all brothers.” Homecoming. Detroit, MI: Broadside Press, 1969.
  • ——. “Poem No. 13.” Love Poems. New York, NY: The Third Press, 1973.
  • Tate, Claudia. Black Women Writers at Work. New York, NY: Continuum, 1983.
  • Thomas, Lorenzo. Extraordinary Measures: Afrocentric Modernism and Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Tuscaloosa, AL: U of Alabama P, 2000.
  • Watts, Jerry Gafio. Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual. New York, NY: New York UP, 2001.

Writing Nation: Giovanni, Sanchez, and Lorde and the Black Arts Movement

Year 2009, Issue: 29, 79 - 98, 01.04.2009

Abstract

The epigraph from Barbara Christian’s groundbreaking essay “The Race for Theory” 1987 articulates one of the most potent charges against the Black Arts Movement aestheticians levied by a contemporary black woman literary scholar and writer. This is a charge that has been revisited thoroughly by other critics such as Cherise A. Pollard, Carmen Phelps, Cheryl Clarke, and Lorenzo Thomas, to name a few.1 These critics have interrogated the separatist and nationalist ideology of the Black Arts Movement, and the movement’s concerns with developing a black aesthetic and nation. Readers are reminded that this ideology was so pre- and pro-scriptive that it limited the full participation of writers whose creative, political, social, and sexual agendas did not toe the ideological lines.

References

  • Baraka, Imamu Amiri (LeRoi Jones). “Black Woman.” Black World (1970): 7-11.
  • Carmichael, Stokely and Charles V. Hamilton. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America. New York: Random House, 1967.
  • Christian, Barbara. “The Race for Theory.” Cultural Critique 6 (1987): 51-63. JSTOR. Web. Feb. 2008.
  • Clarke, Cheryl. After Mecca: Women Poets of the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2005.
  • Cleaver, Eldridge. Soul on Ice. 1968. New York, NY: Dell Publishing, 1991.
  • Collins, Lisa Gale. “The Art of Transformation: Parallels in the Black Arts and Feminist Art Movements.” Collins and Crawford 273-96.
  • Collins, Lisa Gale and Margo Natalie Crawford, eds. New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2006.
  • De Veaux, Alexis. Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2004.
  • Fuller, Hoyt. “The New Black Literature: Protest of Affirmation.” Gayle 327-48.
  • Gayle, Addison Jr., ed. Black Expressions: Essays by and About Black Americans in the Creative Arts. New York, NY: Weybright and Talley, 1969.
  • Gates, Henry Louis Jr. and Nellie McKay, eds. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. 2nd ed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 2004.
  • Gerald, Carolyn F. “The Black Writer and His Role.” Gayle 349-56.
  • Giovanni, Nikki. “Beautiful Black Men.” The Collected Poetry of Nikki Giovanni, 1968-1998. New York, NY: William Morrow, 2003.
  • Lorde, Audre. “Conclusion.” From a Land Where Other People Live. Detroit, MI: Broadside Press, 1973.
  • ——. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1984.
  • Mance, Ajuan Maria. Inventing Black Women: African American Women Poets and SelfRepresentation, 1877-2000. Knoxville, TE: U of Tennessee P, 2007.
  • Neal, Larry. “The Black Arts Movement.” Gayle 257-74.
  • Pollard, Cherise. “Sexual Subversions, Political Inversions: Women’s Poetry and the Politics of the Black Arts Movement.” Collins and Crawford 173-86.
  • Sanchez, Sonia. “to all brothers.” Homecoming. Detroit, MI: Broadside Press, 1969.
  • ——. “Poem No. 13.” Love Poems. New York, NY: The Third Press, 1973.
  • Tate, Claudia. Black Women Writers at Work. New York, NY: Continuum, 1983.
  • Thomas, Lorenzo. Extraordinary Measures: Afrocentric Modernism and Twentieth-Century American Poetry. Tuscaloosa, AL: U of Alabama P, 2000.
  • Watts, Jerry Gafio. Amiri Baraka: The Politics and Art of a Black Intellectual. New York, NY: New York UP, 2001.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects African Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Michele Simms-burton This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Issue: 29

Cite

MLA Simms-burton, Michele. “Writing Nation: Giovanni, Sanchez, and Lorde and the Black Arts Movement”. Journal of American Studies of Turkey, no. 29, 2009, pp. 79-98.

JAST - Journal of American Studies of Turkey