The Lessons from Sanctions on Iran and Their Impacts on the Development of Civil Aviation Understanding and Iranian Airlines

Abstract

After the Islamic Revolution, Iran lived through many hard times not only because of its economic and financial resources such as oil and petroleum but also because of its historical, social, supremacy and leadership of some other Islamic countries and communities. Essentially, it has tried to defend its position for many years without sacrificing its Idiosyncratic Islamic governance structure within the world context or other Islamic countries, for these reasons, it has witnessed a lot of economic and financial sanctions or bans. Although Iran has a lot of highly qualified academicians and a workforce in the science of aviation, its civil aviation management structure and related activities, such as airline management, are very far from the average of the world depending on these financial and economic sanctions and bans by international orders. This situation is subjected to this research as a gap. This paper will analyse the civil aviation and air carrier industry of Iran under the impacts of these economic and financial bans and sanctions regarding four dimensions: Maintenance, Training and licensing, corporal development, and relationships with manufacturers. Essentially, at the beginning of the new age, in terms of international politics and conflicts in every continent of the world, new sanctions and bans are on the trouble agenda of world civil aviation agencies and institutions because of their highly political structure, and these bans and sanctions carry generally economic and financial identities, although they have international policy claims. There are a lot of possibilities on the desks of the civil aviation authorities for the burdens of these sanctions and bans and their sustainability impacts on civil aviation. Moving from the situation of Iran, the correct courses and necessary economic and financial policies will be suggested in this new world context and understanding.

Keywords

• International Sanctions
• Iran Islamic Republic
• Civil Aviation
• Airline Development

References

1. Adesnik, D., & Ghasseminejad, S. (2018). Foreign Investment in Iran: Multinational Firms’ Compliance with US Sanctions. Available at SSRN 3257581.
2. Akbarlı, A., Öndeş, E. B., Gezer, D., & Açıkel, B. (2022). The Impact of the Ukraine-Russia Conflict on the Aviation Sector: February-May 2022. Journal of Aviation, 6(3), 346-354.
3. Al Rawahi, S. H., Jamaluddin, Z. B., & Bhuiyan, A. B. (2020). The Conceptual Framework for the Resources Management Attributes and Aircraft Maintenance Efficiency in the Aviation Industries in Oman. International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review, 5(3), 31-40.
4. Amir, T. (2017). Iran Sanctions: A Compliance Perspective The Promise and Peril of Entering the Islamic Republic. Fordham J. Corp. & Fin. L., 23, 503.
5. Annaç Göv, S. and Paksoy, H.M. (2021). An Investigation on effects of certificates to the corporate structure of enterprises in the civil aviation sector. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(2), 1218-1246.
6. Askari, H., Forrer, J., Teegen, H., & Yang, J. (2001). Us economic sanctions: Lessons from the iranian experience: The most visible sanctions, those on trade, may not be the most important; and it is not clear that the cost of the sanctions are warranted by their benefits. Business Economics, 7-19.
7. Ateş, S. S., & Kafalı, H. (2020). Personnel Licencing in Aviation Authorities: An Implementation in Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics of Eskisehir Technical University. Journal of Aviation, 4(1), 103-114.
8. Avers, K. B., Johnson, B., Banks, J. O., & Wenzel, B. M. (2012). Technical documentation challenges in aviation maintenance: A proceedings report (No. DOT/FAA/AM-12/16). United States. Office of Aerospace Medicine.

9. Bennett, G. (1984). Aviation accident risk and aircrew licensing. European heart journal, 5(suppl_A), 9-13.
10. Ben-Saed, M., & Pilbeam, C. (2022). The effect of an embargo, sanctions and culture on safety climate: A qualitative view from aviation maintenance in the MENA region. Journal of safety research, 81, 259-269.
11. Brusnikin, V. Y., Sharypov, A. N., Glukhov, G. E., Karapetyan, A. G., Koval, S. V., & Chernikov, P. E. (2020). Aircraft components life cycle monitoring system as an element of the state control of aviation equipment operation maintenance. Test Engineering and Management/Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. ISSN, 0193-4120.
12. Butler, R.W. (1993), “Tourism – an evolutionary perspective”, in Nelson, J.G., Butler, R. and Wall, G. (Eds), Tourism and Sustainable Development: Monitoring, Planning and Managing, Department of Geography Series, Waterloo, Canada, pp. 27-43.
13. Carney, M., & Farashahi, M. (2006). Transnational institutions in developing countries: the case of Iranian civil aviation. Organization Studies, 27(1), 53-77. Cheratian, I., Goltabar, S., & Farzanegan, M. R. (2023). Firms persistence under sanctions: Micro‐level evidence from Iran. The World Economy, 46(8), 2408-2431.
14. Clark, P. (2017). Buying the big jets: fleet planning for airlines. Routledge.
15. Cocis, A. D., Batrancea, L., & Tulai, H. (2021). The link between corporate reputation and financial performance and equilibrium within the airline industry. Mathematics, 9(17), 2150.
16. Jehn, K. A., & Scott, E. D. (2015). Lies in the sky: Effects of employee dishonesty on organizational reputation in the airline industry. Business and Society Review, 120(1), 115-136.
17. Dadpay, A. (2019). Iran Aviation Industry and Nuclear Deal: The Poster Child of Sanctions and JCPOA. Available at SSRN 3364680.
18. Davidson, G. E. (1993). United States' Use of Economic Sanctions, Treaty Bending, and Treaty Breaking in International Aviation. J. Air L. & Com., 59, 291.
19. Dempsey, P. S. (1986). The role of the International Civil Aviation Organization on deregulation, discrimination, and dispute resolution. J. Air L. & Com., 52, 529.
20. Draca, M., Garred, J., Stickland, L., Warrinnie, N. (2019). On target? The incidence of sanctions across listed firms in Iran, LICOS Discussion Paper, No. 413, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LICOS Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance.
21. Leuven Fardnia, P., Khadivar, H., & Walker, T. (2022). Corporate Governance and Safety in the Aviation Industry. Available at SSRN 4277654.
22. Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, M. (2022). Ordering global governance complexes: The evolution of the governance complex for international civil aviation. The Review of International Organizations, 17(2), 293-322.
23. Enrico, Z. I. O., Mengfei, F. A. N., Zhiguo, Z. E. N. G., & Rui, K. A. N. G. (2019). Application of reliability technologies in civil aviation: Lessons learnt and perspectives. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 32(1), 143-158.
24. Esfandiary, D., & Fitzpatrick, M. (2011). Sanctions on Iran: Defining and enabling ‘success’. Survival, 53(5), 143- 156.
25. Fidanoglu, M., Ungor, U., Ozkol, I., & Komurgoz, G. (2017). Application of Weibull distribution method for aircraft component life estimation in the civil aviation sector. Journal of Traffic and Logistics Engineering Vol, 5(1).
26. Fleming, C. H., Spencer, M., Thomas, J., Leveson, N., & Wilkinson, C. (2013). Safety assurance in NextGen and complex transportation systems. Safety Science, 55, 173-187.
27. Gališanskis, A. (2004). Aspects of quality evaluation in aviation maintenance. Aviation, 8(3), 18-26.
28. Gauci, J., De Carlo, J., Golfetti, A., Tomasello, P., Napoletano, L., Turhan, U., ... & Drogoul, F. (2021, May). From education and training to the workplace: Gaps and challenges in aviation. In Contemporary EHF 2021.
29. Herrera, I. A., Nordskag, A. O., Myhre, G., & Halvorsen, K. (2009). Aviation safety and maintenance under major organizational changes, investigating non-existing accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(6), 1155-1163.
30. https://world-nuclear.org/ourassociation/publications/ working-group-reports/cordel-aviation-report, Access time: 20.06.2024.
31. https://www.epw.in/engage/article/do-sanctions-violate-international-law, access time: 21.06.2024.
32. https://iramcenter.org/en/the-sanctions-on-irans-civil-aviation_en-483, access time: 21.06.2024
33. Intaek, H., & Ji-Hyang, J. (2013). Blessing or Curse? The Unintended Consequences of the Iran Sanctions Regime. by Ji-Hyang Jang and Peter Lee. Published by the Asian Institute for Policy Studies.
34. International Federation of Chemical, Energy and General Workers' Unions website (2024) https://monitor.icef.com/2023/01/recruiting-in-iran-demand-remains-high-in-this-challenging- market/#:~:text=Iran/20is/20a/20major/20sender,than/2095/2C000/20Iranians/20studied/20abroad, Access time: 27.01.2024.
35. Iran Research Center, https://iramcenter.org/en/the-sanctions-on-irans-civil-aviation_en-483, Access time: 27.01.2024.
36. Jalali, J. (2011). The Impact of Sanctions upon Civil Aviation Safety. McGill University (Canada).
37. Junqueira, V. S. V., Nagano, M. S., & Miyata, H. H. (2020). Procedure structuring for programming aircraft maintenance activities. Revista de Gestão, 27(1), 2-20.
38. Karacasulu, N., & Karakir, I. A. (2014). EU Sanctions Regime: The Case of Iran. The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 26(3), 371-387.
39. Katzman, K. (2013). Iran sanctions (Vol. 31). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
40. Katzman, K., & Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. (2005, April). The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA). Congressional Research Service [Library of Congress].
41. Kraśnicka, I. (2016). English with flying colors: The aviation english and the international civil aviation organization. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 45(1), 111-124.
42. Latorella, K. A., & Prabhu, P. V. (2017). A review of human error in aviation maintenance and inspection. Human Error in Aviation, 521-549.
43. Learn, W. C. N. (2013). Aviation Licensing and Lifetime Management–What Can Nuclear Learn?.
44. Liangrokapart, J., & Sittiwatethanasiri, T. (2023). Strategic direction for aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul hub after crisis recovery. Asia Pacific Management Review, 28(2), 81-89.
45. Liu, D., Zhang, J., & Yu, M. M. (2023). Decomposing airline profit inefficiency in NDEA through the non- competitive Nerlovian profit inefficiency model. Journal of Air Transport Management, 107, 102350.
46. Lin, Y., & Ryan, C. (2016). From mission statement to airline branding. Journal of Air Transport Management, 53, 150-160.
47. Lopes, I. T., & Rodrigues, A. M. G. (2007). Specific intangible assets in the air transportation sector: a theoretical construct for their identification and valuation. The IUP Journal of Knowledge Management, 154-172.
48. M. H. MoghimiEsfandabadi, M. H. Djavareshkian and S. Abedi. “Significance of Aviation Safety, Its Evaluation, and Ways to Strengthen Security,” International Journal of Reliability, Risk and Safety: Theory and Application, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 37-45, 2023.
49. McInally, J. (2010). Eurocontrol history book. Brussels: EUROCONTROL. Meeusen, W., & van den Broeck, J.(1977). Efficiency Estimation From Cobb-Douglas.
50. Mendonca, F. A., Keller, J., & Dillman, B. G. (2019). Competency-Based Education: A Framework for a More Efficient and Safer Aviation Industry. , (). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/publication/1706
51. Mirani, S. Z. (2013, September). Investigating the Effect of Sanctions on the Tourism Industry of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Case Study: Hospitality and Aviation Industry). In International E-Conference on Economy under sanctions.
52. Miremadi, T., & Baharloo, M. (2020). A technological innovation system approach to analysis knowledge spillover, the case of rotary-wing technology in Iran. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 11(4), 537-561.
53. Mustilli, M., & Izzo, F. (2009). Corporate governance relationships in complex product development: evidence from the business aviation industry. Corporate Ownership and Control, 7(1), 60.
54. Newcomer, J. M., Marion Jr, J. W., & Earnhardt, M. P. (2014). Aviation managers’ perspective on the importance of education. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 1(2), 4.
55. Olfat, L., & Pishdar, M. (2017). Interval type-2 fuzzy dynamıc network data envelopment analysıs wıth undesırable outputs consıderıng double frontıers: an applıcatıon to ıran aırports'sustaınabılıty evaluatıon. International Journal of Industrial Engineering, 24(6).
56. O’Donoghue, M., Brendel, N. R., Gerkin, D. J., & Zaucha, J. J. (2014). Iran Sanctions Relief: What Does It Mean for Businesses in the Middle East?. Practice.
57. Prakasa, S. U. W., Wijayanti, A., Hariri, A., & Yustitianingtyas, L. (2022). The Effect of Russia--Ukraine War on International Aviation Sectors. KnE Social Sciences, 572-581.
58. Paul Bucala and Ken Hawrey, “Iran’s Airbridge to Syria,” AEI’s Critical Threats Project, July 13, 2016: http://www.irantracker.org/analysis/bucala-hawrey-irans-airbridge-to-syria-july-13-2016.
59. Pishdar, M., Ghasemzadeh, F., Maskeliūnaitė, L., & Bražiūnas, J. (2019). The influence of resilience and sustainability perception on airport brand promotion and desire to reuse of airport services: The case of Iran airports. Transport, 34(5), 617-627.
60. Planes spotter’s website. https://www.planespotters.net Access time: 28.01.2024.
61. Sanchez Pedroche, D., Amigo Herrero, D., Herrero, J. G., Molina Lopez, J. M., Voet, E., & Bogaert (2024), B. V. Addressing Data-Related Challenges in Air Traffic Control: Eurocontrol's Trajectory Reconstruction. Available at SSRN 4805671.
62. Rahimi, M., & Mohammadi Motlagh, A. (2014). Unilateral Economic Sanctions in the Light of International Law: Unilateral Sanctions on Islamic Republic of Iran. Management and Administrative Sciences Review, 3(4).
63. Ranjbar, A. (2020). Legal Implications of the US Withdrawal from the JCPOA and Re-imposition of Secondary Sanctions under International Litigation and Arbitration Proceedings. Iranian Review for UN Studies, 3(2), 75- 101.
64. Razavi, S. M., & Zeynodini, F. (2019). Economic sanctions and protection of fundamental human rights: A review of the ICJ's ruling on alleged violations of the Iran-US Treaty of Amity. Wash. Int'l LJ, 29, 303.,
65. Rennack, D. E. (2020). Iran: US economic sanctions and the authority to lift restrictions. Congressional Research Service.
66. Renold, M., Vollenweider, J., Mijović, N., Kuljanin, J., & Kalić, M. (2023). Methodological framework for a deeper understanding of airline profit cycles in the context of disruptive exogenous impacts. Journal of Air Transport Management, 106, 102305.
67. Rhyne, C. S. (1946). Federal, State and Local Jurisdiction Over Civil Aviation. Law and Contemporary Problems, 11(3), 459-487.
68. Roudari, S., Ahmadian-Yazdi, F., Arabi, S. H., & Hammoudeh, S. (2023). Sanctions and Iranian stock market: Does the institutional quality matter?. Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(4), 919-935.
69. Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2022). Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(2-3), 372-391.
70. Shi, Y. (2024). Aviation Safety for Urban Air Mobility: Pilot Licensing and Fatigue Management. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, 110(1), 1-10.
71. Shirazi, H., Azarbaiejani, K., & Sameti, M. (2016). The effect of economic sanctions on Iran's exports. Iranian Economic Review, 20(1).
72. Sochor, E. (1989). ICAO and armed attacks against civil aviation. International Journal, 44(1), 134-170.
73. Solomon, Jay (2015). "Shift Clouds Iran Nuclear Deal". Wall Street Journal: A9.
74. Solomon, Jay (26 June 2015). "Shift Clouds Iran Nuclear Deal". Wall Street Journal: A9., Access time: 27.01.2024.
75. Strohmeier, M., Schäfer, M., Lenders, V., & Martinovic, I. (2014). Realities and challenges of nextgen air traffic management: the case of ADS-B. IEEE communications magazine, 52(5), 111-118.
76. Sucharitkul, S. (1993). Procedure for the Protection of Civil Aircraft in Flight. Loy. LA Int'l & Comp. LJ, 16, 513.
77. Suzuki, K. (2019). Iran: The role and effectiveness of UN sanctions. In Economic sanctions in international law and practice (pp. 178-199). Routledge.
78. Taneja, N. K. (1990). Introduction to Civil Aviation. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 1(1).
79. The Journal of Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/ Access time: 28.01.2024.
80. Todd, M. A., & Thomas, M. J. (2013). Experience, competence, or syllabus? Influences on flight hours at licensing of commercial pilots. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 23(2), 169-180.
81. Torbat, A. E. (2005). Impacts of the US trade and financial sanctions on Iran. World Economy, 28(3), 407-434.
82. Trifonov-Bogdanov, P., Vinogradov, L., & Shestakov, V. (2013). Civil aviation accidents and incidents are classified according to groups of aviation specialists. Aviation, 17(2), 76-79.
83. Tsikriktsis, N. (2007). The effect of operational performance and focus on profitability: A longitudinal study of the US airline industry. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 9(4), 506-517.
84. Warn, J. (2005). Intangibles in commercialisation: the case of air navigation services in the south pacific. Journal of Intellectual capital, 6(1), 72-88.
85. Watkins, D., Newcomer, J. M., Earnhardt, M. P., Marion, J. W., Opengart, R. A., & Glassman, A. M. (2016). A cross- sectional investigation of the relationships education, certification, and experience have with knowledge, skills, and abilities among aviation professionals. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 3(1), 6.
86. Wild, G. (2023). A Quantitative Study of Aircraft Maintenance Accidents in Commercial Air Transport. Aerospace, 10(8), 689.
87. Wong, K. M., & Musa, G. (2011). Branding satisfaction in the airline industry: A comparative study of Malaysia Airlines and Air Asia. African Journal of Business Management, 5(8), 3410-3423.
88. World Bank database, Access time: 28.01.2024.
89. Yadav, D. K., & Nikraz, H. (2014). Implications of evolving civil aviation safety regulations on the safety outcomes of air transport industry and airports. Aviation, 18(2), 94-103.
90. Young, H., Vorwig, P. A., Liberman, M. M., & Wigginton, W. L. (2010). Aerospace and defence industries. Int'l Law., 44, 337.
91. Zimmermann, N., & Mendonca, F. A. C. (2021). The impact of human factors and maintenance documentation on aviation safety: An analysis of 15 years of accident data through the PEAR framework. The Collegiate Aviation Review International, 39(2).