ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE EYEBALL IN A EUROPEAN BADGER (Meles meles)
Year 2026,
Volume: 1, 31 - 35, 29.12.2025
Birsen Deniz Ersoy
,
Can Nacar
,
Hatice Özlem Nisbet
Abstract
The European badger (Meles meles Linnaeus, 1758) is a large mustelid belonging to the genius Meles, within the family Mustelidae and the order Carnivora. In this study, we present data on biometric evaluation of intraocular structures of an adult female badger by ultrasonography. The study included biometric evaluation of the length, width and height of the eye, as well as intraocular structures. Ultrasonographic examination was successfully performed under anesthesia using a convex probe to overcome anatomical limitations posed by zygomatic arch. The globe was found to be relatively small in proportion to the body size, possibly reflecting the species’ nocturnal and visually limited nature. Despite the limited sample size, key biometric parameters of the eye were obtained for the first time in a living badger. These preliminary findings demonstrate the feasibility of ultrasonographic evaluation of the badger eye.
References
-
1. Pamukoğlu N. Türkiye kıyıları ve porsuk. In Türkiye Kıyıları 01 Konferansı Bildiriler Kitabı (pp. 339–343). Türkiye’nin Kıyı ve Deniz Alanları III. Ulusal Konferansı, İstanbul, 2001.
-
2. Martonos C, Gudea A, Lațiu C, Blagojevic M, Stan, F: Morphological and morphometrical aspects of the auditory ossicles in the European badger (Meles meles). Veterinary Sciences, 9 (9), 483, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090483
-
3. Mullineaux E: Badgers. In E. Mullineaux & E. Keeble (Eds.), BSAVA Manual of Wildlife Casualties. 2nd ed., pp. 210–227, 2016.
-
4. Gonzalez EM, Rodriguez A, Garcia I: Review of ocular ultrasonography. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 42 (5), 485–495, 2001. DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00975.x
-
5. Georgescu B, Predoi G, Belu C, Purdoiu L, Ghimpețeanu M, Chereji M, Roşu PM, Oprea AE, Vişoiu C, Bărbuceanu F: Morphometric biodiversity of the skull in jaguar (Panthera onca): Case study. Revista Română de Medicină Veterinară, 24(4), 29-42, 2014.
-
6. Hidaka S, Matsumoto M, Hiji H, Ohsako S, Nishinakagawa H: Morphology and morphometry of skulls of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and badgers (Meles meles). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 60(2), 161–167, 1998. DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.161
-
7. Dinç G: Macro-anatomical investigations on the skeletons of badger (Meles meles) III-Skeleton Axiale. Fırat University Journal of Health Sciences, 15, 175–178, 2001.
-
8. Karan M, Timurkaan S, Özdemir D, Ünsaldı E: Comparative macroanatomical study of the neurocranium in some Carnivora. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 35(1), 53–56, 2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00659.x
-
9. Paszta W, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Klećkowska-Nawrot JE: Morphology and histology of the orbital region and eye of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) — similarities and differences within the Caniformia suborder. Animals, 12 (7), 1–32, 2022. DOI:10.3390/ani12070801
-
10. Klećkowska-Nawrot JE, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Barszcz K, Stegmann KO: Morphological examination of the visual system and orbital region in the red panda (Ailurus fulgens fulgens). BMC Veterinary Research, 20 (1), 284, 2024. DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04152-2.
-
11. Cottrill NB, Banks WJ, Pechman RD: Ultrasonographic and biometric evaluation of the eye and orbit of dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 50(6), 898–903, 1989.
-
12. Brown, G: Bear Anatomy and Physiology. In: The bear almanac: A comprehensive guide to the bears of the world. 2nd ed., 47-96, The Lyons Press: Guilford, CT, USA, 2009.
-
13. Heard-Booth AN, Kirk E C: The influence of maximum running speed on eye size: A test of Leuckart’s law in mammals. The Anatomical Record, 295(7), 1053–1062, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/ar.22480
-
14. Rasouli B, Adibi M, Jahankhani A, Zehtabvar O: Anatomical and radiographical studies of the skull in adult European badger (Meles meles). Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 17(1), 75–83, 2025. DOI: 10.22067/ijvst.2025.88540.1390
-
15. Davis RW: Marine mammals. In Sensory systems: Adaptations for an aquatic life. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 177-217, 2019. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9_7
-
16. Malmström T, Kröger RHH: Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209 (1), 18–25, 2006. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01959
-
17. Mirshahi A, Shafigh SH, Azizzadeh M: Ultrasonographic biometry of the normal eye of the Persian cat. Australian Veterinary Journal, 92(7), 246–249, 2014. DOI: 10.1111/ajv.12189.
-
18. Schiffer SP, Rantanen NW, Leary GA, Bryan G M: Biometric study of the canine eye, using A-mode ultrasonography. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 43 (6), 826–830, 1982.