Research Article
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Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases

Year 2026, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 64 - 72, 31.01.2026

Deniz Tuncer , Selva Otsay , Gökhan Can Törpü

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1677676

Abstract

Purpose: As chronic diseases become more prevalent in older adults, adverse effects on physical and mental well-being increase. This study examined relationships between physical activity, life satisfaction, and medication adherence in older adults with chronic diseases. Additionally, differences in physical activity and life satisfaction according to medication adherence motivation and knowledge levels were investigated.
Materials and Methods: Participants aged 65 and older with at least one chronic disease completed Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), Turkish version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (T-SWSL), and Modified Morisky Scale (MMS) to assess physical activity, life satisfaction, and medication adherence.
Results: Total of 82 older adults (46 women, 36 men; mean age = 72.67±6.55) participated. Mean PASE and T-SWSL scores were 115.37±79.95 and 16.29±5.18, respectively. MMS results showed high motivation (n=62) and high medication knowledge (n=60). Physical activity correlated positively with life satisfaction (r=0.575, p=0.001) and medication adherence (r=0.271, p=0.014). Life satisfaction and medication adherence were also positively correlated (r=0.408, p=0.001).
Conclusion: This study found positive associations between physical activity, life satisfaction, and medication adherence in older adults with chronic diseases. These findings highlight the importance of considering physical activity in care plans to potentially support better treatment outcomes and well-being.

Keywords

Physical activity life satisfaction medication adherence older adults chronic disease

Ethical Statement

This studys was approved by the Bezmialem Vakıf University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval No: E-54022451-050.04-136736, Date:10.01.2024), registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT06568822). This study conducted following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.

References

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  • World Health Organization. (2020). Ageing. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute- TURKSTAT. (2024). Statistics on Older People, 2024. (Accessed 14 July 2025).
  • Barrio-Cortes J, Castaño-Reguillo A, Beca-Martínez MT, Bandeira-de Oliveira M, López-Rodríguez C, Jaime-Sisó MÁ. Chronic diseases in the geriatric population: morbidity and use of primary care services according to risk level. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:1-11.
  • Jaspinder K, Sargun S, Kawaljit K. Impact of age on the prevalence of chronic diseases in geriatric population. Int Res J Biol Sci 2014;3(9):79-85.
  • Garrard JW, Cox NJ, Dodds RM, Roberts HC, Sayer AA. Comprehensive geriatric assessment in primary care: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020;32(2):197-205.
  • Kushkestani M, Parvani M, Ghafari M, Avazpoor Z. The role of exercise and physical activity on aging-related diseases and geriatric syndromes. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte 2022; 11:6-6.
  • Wen P, Fang Y, Xu R, Wang Z. Factors impeding physical activity in older patients with chronic diseases: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr 2025; 25(1):1-9.
  • Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54(24):1451-62.
  • Meléndez JC, Tomás JM, Oliver A, Navarro E. Psychological and physical dimensions explaining life satisfaction among the elderly: a structural model examination. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009;48(3):291-5.
  • Puvill T, Lindenberg J, Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ, Slaets JP, Westendorp RG. Associations of various health-ratings with geriatric giants, mortality and life satisfaction in older people. PLoS One 2016.
  • Punnapurath S, Vijayakumar P, Platty PL, Krishna S, Thomas T. A study of medication compliance in geriatric patients with chronic illness. J Fam Med Prim Care 2021;10(4):1644-8.
  • Shruthi R, Jyothi R, Pundarikaksha H, Nagesh G, Tushar T. A study of medication compliance in geriatric patients with chronic illnesses at a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10(12):FC40.
  • Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46(2):153-62.
  • Ayvat E, Kilinc M, Kirdi N. The Turkish version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): its cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability. Turk J Med Sci 2017;47(3):908-15.
  • Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess 1985;49(1):71-5.
  • Dağlı A, Baysal N. Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2016;15(59).
  • Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care 1986;24(1):67-74.
  • Vural B, Acar ÖT, Topsever P, Filiz TM. Reliability and validity of Turkish version of modified Morisky scale. J Turk Fam Physician 2012:17-20.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G* Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39(2):175-91.
  • Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
  • Kozar-Westman M, Troutman-Jordan M, Nies MA. Successful aging among assisted living community older adults. J Nurs Scholarsh 2013;45(3):238-46.
  • Kars Fertelli T, Deliktas T. A study on the relationship between perceptions of successful aging and life satisfaction of Turkish elderly people. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020;56(2).
  • Erbaş Ü. Effect of physical activity level and behavioral regulations in exercise on successful aging. Prog Nutr 2021;23:e2021171.
  • Naiker J. The association between physical activity and body mass index, quality of life, life-space mobility and successful aging in older adults. 2018. (Doctoral dissertation)
  • Dogra S, Stathokostas L. Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independent predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J Aging Res 2012;2012(1):190654.
  • Softa H, Bayraktar T, Uğuz C. Elders’ perceived social support systems and factors affecting their healthy lifestyle behavior. Elderly Issues Res J 2016;9(1):1-12.
  • Yilmaz N, Hazer O, Öztürk MS. Intergenerational solidarity and life satisfaction in elderly. Turk J Geriatr 2018;21(3).
  • Rodgers V, Neville S, La Grow S. Health, functional ability and life satisfaction among older people 65 years and over: a cross-sectional study. Contemp Nurse 2017;53(3):284-92.
  • Pinar S, Demirel G. Examination of daily life activities, self-care agency and life satisfaction of middle-aged and elderly individuals living in a nursing home. YSAD-EIRJ 2016;9(9):39-52.
  • Buffel T, Phillipson C, Scharf T. Ageing in urban environments: developing ‘age-friendly’ cities. Crit Soc Policy 2012;32(4):597-617.
  • Erol S, Sezer A, Şişman FN, Öztürk S. Yaşlılarda yalnızlık algısı ve yaşam doyumu. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2016;5(3):60-9.
  • De Geest S, Sabaté E. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2003;2(4):323.
  • Jin H, Kim Y, Rhie SJ. Factors affecting medication adherence in elderly people. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:2117-25.
  • Blackburn DF, Swidrovich J, Lemstra M. Non-adherence in type 2 diabetes: practical considerations for interpreting the literature. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013;7:183-9.
  • Monterroso LEP, Joaquim N, Sá LOd. Medication adherence in elderly people integrated in the Long-Term Care domiciliary teams. J Nurs Referência 2015;(5):9-16.
  • Jankowska-Polańska B, Uchmanowicz I, Dudek K, Mazur G. Relationship between patients’ knowledge and medication adherence among patients with hypertension. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016;10:2437-47.
  • Kanyongo W, Ezugwu AE. Feature selection and importance of predictors of non-communicable diseases medication adherence from machine learning research perspectives. Inform Med Unlocked 2023;38:101232.
  • Fragoulis C, Prentakis A, Kontogianni E, Polyzos D, Tsioufis P, Fragouli D, et al. Medication adherence in relation with physical activity in hypertensive patients: data from a behavioral cardiology unit. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023;30(Suppl 1):zwad125.
  • Chew B-H, Hassan N-H, Sherina M-S. Determinants of medication adherence among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in three Malaysian public health clinics: a cross-sectional study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015;9:639-48.
  • Suprapti B, Izzah Z, Anjani AG, Andarsari MR, Nilamsari WP, Nugroho CW. Prevalence of medication adherence and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes and influencing factors: A cross-sectional study. Glob Epidemiol 2023;5:100113.
  • Wu J, Napoleone J, Linke S, Noble M, Turken M, Rakotz M, et al. Long-term results of a digital hypertension self-management program: retrospective cohort study. JMIR Cardio 2023;7:e43489.
  • Edwards JJ, Deenmamode AH, Griffiths M, Arnold O, Cooper NJ, Wiles JD, et al. Exercise training and resting blood pressure: a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2023;57(20):1317-26.
  • An L, Ma L, Xu N, Yu B. Life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and blood pressure in the middle-aged and older Chinese population. J Psychosom Res 2023;170:111367.
  • Mojon-Azzi S, Sousa-Poza A. Hypertension and life satisfaction: an analysis using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Appl Econ Lett 2011;18(2):183-7.
  • Guimond A-J, Kubzansky LD, Boehm JK, Kivimaki M, Trudel-Fitzgerald C. Does life satisfaction reduce risk of incident hypertension and stroke? Evidence from the Whitehall II cohort. J Psychosom Res 2021;144:110414.
  • Zhang L, Dailey R, Brook RD, Levy P. Psychosocial Stress, Life Satisfaction, and Hypertension: A Mediation Analysis. Circulation 2021;144(Suppl 1):A13406.
  • Richardson S, Hirsch J, Narasimhan M, Crawford J, McGinn T, Davidson K, et al. Increased inpatient mortality for cardiovascular patients during the first COVID-19 epidemic in New York. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;10(16):e019619.
  • Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020;323(13):1239-42.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute- TURKSAT. (2019). Elderly People in Statistics, 2018. (Accessed 23 August 2024).

Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases

Year 2026, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 64 - 72, 31.01.2026

Deniz Tuncer , Selva Otsay , Gökhan Can Törpü

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1677676

Abstract

References

  • Estebsari F, Dastoorpoor M, Khalifehkandi ZR, Nouri A, Mostafaei D, Hosseini M, et al. The concept of successful aging: a review article. Curr Aging Sci 2020;13(1):4-10.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Ageing. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute- TURKSTAT. (2024). Statistics on Older People, 2024. (Accessed 14 July 2025).
  • Barrio-Cortes J, Castaño-Reguillo A, Beca-Martínez MT, Bandeira-de Oliveira M, López-Rodríguez C, Jaime-Sisó MÁ. Chronic diseases in the geriatric population: morbidity and use of primary care services according to risk level. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:1-11.
  • Jaspinder K, Sargun S, Kawaljit K. Impact of age on the prevalence of chronic diseases in geriatric population. Int Res J Biol Sci 2014;3(9):79-85.
  • Garrard JW, Cox NJ, Dodds RM, Roberts HC, Sayer AA. Comprehensive geriatric assessment in primary care: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020;32(2):197-205.
  • Kushkestani M, Parvani M, Ghafari M, Avazpoor Z. The role of exercise and physical activity on aging-related diseases and geriatric syndromes. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte 2022; 11:6-6.
  • Wen P, Fang Y, Xu R, Wang Z. Factors impeding physical activity in older patients with chronic diseases: a qualitative study. BMC Geriatr 2025; 25(1):1-9.
  • Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54(24):1451-62.
  • Meléndez JC, Tomás JM, Oliver A, Navarro E. Psychological and physical dimensions explaining life satisfaction among the elderly: a structural model examination. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009;48(3):291-5.
  • Puvill T, Lindenberg J, Gussekloo J, de Craen AJ, Slaets JP, Westendorp RG. Associations of various health-ratings with geriatric giants, mortality and life satisfaction in older people. PLoS One 2016.
  • Punnapurath S, Vijayakumar P, Platty PL, Krishna S, Thomas T. A study of medication compliance in geriatric patients with chronic illness. J Fam Med Prim Care 2021;10(4):1644-8.
  • Shruthi R, Jyothi R, Pundarikaksha H, Nagesh G, Tushar T. A study of medication compliance in geriatric patients with chronic illnesses at a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10(12):FC40.
  • Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): development and evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46(2):153-62.
  • Ayvat E, Kilinc M, Kirdi N. The Turkish version of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): its cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability. Turk J Med Sci 2017;47(3):908-15.
  • Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess 1985;49(1):71-5.
  • Dağlı A, Baysal N. Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2016;15(59).
  • Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care 1986;24(1):67-74.
  • Vural B, Acar ÖT, Topsever P, Filiz TM. Reliability and validity of Turkish version of modified Morisky scale. J Turk Fam Physician 2012:17-20.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G* Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39(2):175-91.
  • Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
  • Kozar-Westman M, Troutman-Jordan M, Nies MA. Successful aging among assisted living community older adults. J Nurs Scholarsh 2013;45(3):238-46.
  • Kars Fertelli T, Deliktas T. A study on the relationship between perceptions of successful aging and life satisfaction of Turkish elderly people. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020;56(2).
  • Erbaş Ü. Effect of physical activity level and behavioral regulations in exercise on successful aging. Prog Nutr 2021;23:e2021171.
  • Naiker J. The association between physical activity and body mass index, quality of life, life-space mobility and successful aging in older adults. 2018. (Doctoral dissertation)
  • Dogra S, Stathokostas L. Sedentary behavior and physical activity are independent predictors of successful aging in middle-aged and older adults. J Aging Res 2012;2012(1):190654.
  • Softa H, Bayraktar T, Uğuz C. Elders’ perceived social support systems and factors affecting their healthy lifestyle behavior. Elderly Issues Res J 2016;9(1):1-12.
  • Yilmaz N, Hazer O, Öztürk MS. Intergenerational solidarity and life satisfaction in elderly. Turk J Geriatr 2018;21(3).
  • Rodgers V, Neville S, La Grow S. Health, functional ability and life satisfaction among older people 65 years and over: a cross-sectional study. Contemp Nurse 2017;53(3):284-92.
  • Pinar S, Demirel G. Examination of daily life activities, self-care agency and life satisfaction of middle-aged and elderly individuals living in a nursing home. YSAD-EIRJ 2016;9(9):39-52.
  • Buffel T, Phillipson C, Scharf T. Ageing in urban environments: developing ‘age-friendly’ cities. Crit Soc Policy 2012;32(4):597-617.
  • Erol S, Sezer A, Şişman FN, Öztürk S. Yaşlılarda yalnızlık algısı ve yaşam doyumu. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2016;5(3):60-9.
  • De Geest S, Sabaté E. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2003;2(4):323.
  • Jin H, Kim Y, Rhie SJ. Factors affecting medication adherence in elderly people. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2016;10:2117-25.
  • Blackburn DF, Swidrovich J, Lemstra M. Non-adherence in type 2 diabetes: practical considerations for interpreting the literature. Patient Prefer Adherence 2013;7:183-9.
  • Monterroso LEP, Joaquim N, Sá LOd. Medication adherence in elderly people integrated in the Long-Term Care domiciliary teams. J Nurs Referência 2015;(5):9-16.
  • Jankowska-Polańska B, Uchmanowicz I, Dudek K, Mazur G. Relationship between patients’ knowledge and medication adherence among patients with hypertension. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016;10:2437-47.
  • Kanyongo W, Ezugwu AE. Feature selection and importance of predictors of non-communicable diseases medication adherence from machine learning research perspectives. Inform Med Unlocked 2023;38:101232.
  • Fragoulis C, Prentakis A, Kontogianni E, Polyzos D, Tsioufis P, Fragouli D, et al. Medication adherence in relation with physical activity in hypertensive patients: data from a behavioral cardiology unit. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023;30(Suppl 1):zwad125.
  • Chew B-H, Hassan N-H, Sherina M-S. Determinants of medication adherence among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in three Malaysian public health clinics: a cross-sectional study. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015;9:639-48.
  • Suprapti B, Izzah Z, Anjani AG, Andarsari MR, Nilamsari WP, Nugroho CW. Prevalence of medication adherence and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes and influencing factors: A cross-sectional study. Glob Epidemiol 2023;5:100113.
  • Wu J, Napoleone J, Linke S, Noble M, Turken M, Rakotz M, et al. Long-term results of a digital hypertension self-management program: retrospective cohort study. JMIR Cardio 2023;7:e43489.
  • Edwards JJ, Deenmamode AH, Griffiths M, Arnold O, Cooper NJ, Wiles JD, et al. Exercise training and resting blood pressure: a large-scale pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2023;57(20):1317-26.
  • An L, Ma L, Xu N, Yu B. Life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and blood pressure in the middle-aged and older Chinese population. J Psychosom Res 2023;170:111367.
  • Mojon-Azzi S, Sousa-Poza A. Hypertension and life satisfaction: an analysis using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Appl Econ Lett 2011;18(2):183-7.
  • Guimond A-J, Kubzansky LD, Boehm JK, Kivimaki M, Trudel-Fitzgerald C. Does life satisfaction reduce risk of incident hypertension and stroke? Evidence from the Whitehall II cohort. J Psychosom Res 2021;144:110414.
  • Zhang L, Dailey R, Brook RD, Levy P. Psychosocial Stress, Life Satisfaction, and Hypertension: A Mediation Analysis. Circulation 2021;144(Suppl 1):A13406.
  • Richardson S, Hirsch J, Narasimhan M, Crawford J, McGinn T, Davidson K, et al. Increased inpatient mortality for cardiovascular patients during the first COVID-19 epidemic in New York. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;10(16):e019619.
  • Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72,314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020;323(13):1239-42.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute- TURKSAT. (2019). Elderly People in Statistics, 2018. (Accessed 23 August 2024).
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Geriatrics and Gerontology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Deniz Tuncer 0000-0003-4975-827X

Selva Otsay 0009-0006-8326-255X

Gökhan Can Törpü 0009-0004-5400-272X

Submission Date April 16, 2025
Acceptance Date November 18, 2025
Publication Date January 31, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tuncer, D., Otsay, S., & Törpü, G. C. (2026). Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 10(1), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1677676
AMA Tuncer D, Otsay S, Törpü GC. Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases. JBACHS. January 2026;10(1):64-72. doi:10.30621/jbachs.1677676
Chicago Tuncer, Deniz, Selva Otsay, and Gökhan Can Törpü. “Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults With Chronic Diseases”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 2026): 64-72. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1677676.
EndNote Tuncer D, Otsay S, Törpü GC (January 1, 2026) Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 10 1 64–72.
IEEE D. Tuncer, S. Otsay, and G. C. Törpü, “Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases”, JBACHS, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 64–72, 2026, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.1677676.
ISNAD Tuncer, Deniz et al. “Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults With Chronic Diseases”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 10/1 (January2026), 64-72. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1677676.
JAMA Tuncer D, Otsay S, Törpü GC. Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases. JBACHS. 2026;10:64–72.
MLA Tuncer, Deniz et al. “Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults With Chronic Diseases”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, 2026, pp. 64-72, doi:10.30621/jbachs.1677676.
Vancouver Tuncer D, Otsay S, Törpü GC. Examining The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Life Satisfaction, and Medication Adherence Outcomes Among Older Adults with Chronic Diseases. JBACHS. 2026;10(1):64-72.