Is Scapular Dyskinesis effective on Shoulder Strength Profiles in Asymptomatic Young Swimmers?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 694 - 702, 29.09.2022

Ferhat Öztürk , Aykut Özçadırcı , Ş. Alpan Cinemre , Gizem İrem Kınıklı

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1071136

Öz

Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was (a) to investigate whether presence of scapular dyskinesis (SD) differs by gender in asymptomatic young swimmers and (b) to compare shoulder muscle strength between asymptomatic young swimmers with and without SD.
Methods: Fifty-six asymptomatic young swimmers (mean age:10.35y; 22 females; 34 males) were included in the study. The presence of SD was determined visually using SD test with dichotomous outcome (yes/no). The shoulder muscle strength was assessed via handheld dynamometer.
Results: There was statistically significant difference between swimmers with and without SD in shoulder flexion muscle strength in both females and males (respectively, p<0.018, p<0.015). There was statistically significant difference between swimmers with and without SD in shoulder internal and external rotation muscle strength in males (respectively, p<0.048, p<0.041). No significant prevalence was found between the presence of SD and gender (p=0.167).
Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that although SD prevalence was similar by gender, differences in shoulder muscle strength were present between asymptomatic young swimmers with and without SD. Thus, early identification of SD may be beneficial for asymptomatic young swimmers to avoid its possible transformation into symptomatic situation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

muscular performance, gender, swimmers, scapular dysfunction

Kaynakça

• 1. Preziosi Standoli J, Fratalocchi F, Candela V, Preziosi Standoli T, Giannicola G, Bonifazi M, et al. Scapular dyskinesis in young, asymptomatic elite swimmers. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 2018;6(1):2325967117750814.
• 2. Kibler WB, Ludewig PM, McClure PW, Michener LA, Bak K, Sciascia AD. Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus statement from the ‘Scapular Summit’. Br. J. Sports Med. 2013;47(14):877-85.
• 3. Kibler BW, McMullen J. Scapular dyskinesis and its relation to shoulder pain. JJ Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2003;11(2):142-51.
• 4. Heinlein SA, Cosgarea AJ. Biomechanical considerations in the competitive swimmer’s shoulder. Sports health. 2010;2(6):519-25.
• 5. McQuade KJ, Dawson J, Smidt GL. Scapulothoracic muscle fatigue associated with alterations in scapulohumeral rhythm kinematics during maximum resistive shoulder elevation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28(2):74-80.
• 6. Kibler WB, Sciascia A, Dome D. Evaluation of apparent and absolute supraspinatus strength in patients with shoulder injury using the scapular retraction test. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(10):1643-7.
• 7. Tate A, Turner GN, Knab SE, Jorgensen C, Strittmatter A, Michener LA. Risk factors associated with shoulder pain and disability across the lifespan of competitive swimmers. J. Athl. Train. 2012;47(2):149-58.
• 8. Bak K, Faunø P. Clinical findings in competitive swimmers with shoulder pain. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25(2):254-60.
• 9. Sein ML, Walton J, Linklater J, Appleyard R, Kirkbride B, Kuah D, et al. Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy. Br. J. Sports Med. 2010;44(2):105-13.
• 10. Hickey D, Solvig V, Cavalheri V, Harrold M, Mckenna L. Scapular dyskinesis increases the risk of future shoulder pain by 43% in asymptomatic athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med.. 2018;52(2):102-10.
• 11. Burkhart TA, Arthurs KL, Andrews DM. Reliability of upper and lower extremity anthropometric measurements and the effect on tissue mass predictions. J. Biomech. 2008;41(7):1604-10.
• 12. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang Z, Ross R. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 yr. J. Appl. Physiol.. 2000.
• 13. Anders C, Bretschneider S, Bernsdorf A, Erler K, Schneider W. Activation of shoulder muscles in healthy men and women under isometric conditions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2004;14(6):699-707.
• 14. Hannah DC, Scibek JS, Carcia CR. Strength profiles in healthy individuals with and without scapular dyskinesis. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2017;12(3):305.
• 15. Seitz AL, McClelland RI, Jones WJ, Jean RA, Kardouni JR. A comparison of change in 3D scapular kinematics with maximal contractions and force production with scapular muscle tests between asymptomatic overhead athletes with and without scapular dyskinesis. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2015;10(3):309.
• 16. Coinceicao A, Parraca J, Marinho D, Costa M, Louro H, Silva A, et al. Assessment of isometric strength of the shoulder rotators in swimmers using a handheld dynamometer: a reliability study. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2018;20(4).
• 17. McLaine SJ, Ginn KA, Fell JW, Bird M-L. Isometric shoulder strength in young swimmers. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(1):35-9.
• 18. McLaine SJ, Ginn KA, Kitic CM, Fell JW, Bird M-L. The reliability of strength tests performed in elevated shoulder positions using a handheld dynamometer. J. Sport Rehabil. 2016;25(2).
• 19. Tate AR, McClure P, Kareha S, Irwin D, Barbe MF. A clinical method for identifying scapular dyskinesis, part 2: validity. J. Athl. Train. 2009;44(2):165-73.
• 20. Giphart JE, Brunkhorst JP, Horn NH, Shelburne KB, Torry MR, Millett PJ. Effect of plane of arm elevation on glenohumeral kinematics: a normative biplane fluoroscopy study. JBJS. 2013;95(3):238-45.
• 21. Uhl TL, Kibler WB, Gecewich B, Tripp BL. Evaluation of clinical assessment methods for scapular dyskinesis. Arthrosc. - J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg. 2009;25(11):1240-8.
• 22. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. biometrics. 1977:159-74.
• 23. Burn MB, McCulloch PC, Lintner DM, Liberman SR, Harris JD. Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes: a systematic review. Orthop. J. Sports Med.. 2016;4(2):2325967115627608.
• 24. Struyf F, Nijs J, Meeus M, Roussel NA, Mottram S, Truijen S, et al. Does scapular positioning predict shoulder pain in recreational overhead athletes? Int. J. Sports Med. 2014;35(01):75-82.
• 25. Madsen PH, Bak K, Jensen S, Welter U. Training induces scapular dyskinesis in pain-free competitive swimmers: a reliability and observational study. Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(2):109-13.
• 26. Maor MB, Ronin T, Kalichman L. Scapular dyskinesis among competitive swimmers. J Bodyw Mov Ther . 2017;21(3):633-6.
• 27. Tate AR, McClure P, Kareha S, Irwin D. Effect of the scapula reposition test on shoulder impingement symptoms and elevation strength in overhead athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2008;38(1):4-11.
• 28. Kebaetse M, McClure P, Pratt NA. Thoracic position effect on shoulder range of motion, strength, and three-dimensional scapular kinematics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(8):945-50.
• 29. Smith J, Kotajarvi BR, Padgett DJ, Eischen JJ. Effect of scapular protraction and retraction on isometric shoulder elevation strength. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(3):367-70.
• 30. Weldon III EJ, Richardson AB. Upper extremity overuse injuries in swimming: a discussion of swimmer's shoulder. Clin Sports Med . 2001;20(3):423-38.
• 31. Ramsi M, Swanik KA, Straub S, Mattacola C. Shoulder-rotator strength of high school swimmers over the course of a competitive season. J. Sport Rehabil. 2004;13(1):9-18.
• 32. McLaine SJ, Bird M-L, Ginn KA, Hartley T, Fell JW. Shoulder extension strength: a potential risk factor for shoulder pain in young swimmers? J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(5):516-20.
• 33. Cools AM, Struyf F, De Mey K, Maenhout A, Castelein B, Cagnie B. Rehabilitation of scapular dyskinesis: from the office worker to the elite overhead athlete. Br. J. Sports Med. 2014;48(8):692-7.
• 34. Kibler WB, Kuhn JE, Wilk K, Sciascia A, Moore S, Laudner K, et al. The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology—10-year update. Arthrosc. - J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg. 2013;29(1):141-61. e26.