Sustainable Agriculture and Soybean, a Legume in Traditional Chinese Medicine with Great Biological Nitrogen Fixation

Year 2019, Volume: 13 Issue: 38, 71 - 78, 01.11.2019

Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian , Wenli Sun , Qi Cheng

Abstract

China is the home of the soybean. Traditional Chinese Medicine is a natural and organic health care system which view the body as a complex network of interconnected parts. The most important health benefits of soybeans are improving metabolic activity, health weight gain, anti cancer potential, boost heart health, relieve menopausal symptoms, boost digestion, improve bone health, prevent birth defects, improve circulation, control diabetes and relieve sleep disorders. Soybea ns can clear heat, detoxify, ease urination, lubricate lungs and intestine, provide s an excellent protein food. In soybean, atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) fixation happens in the nodules, nodules grow in the roots that are produced by N 2 fixing rhizobial bacter ias and most of these bacteria belong to the genera of Bradyrhizobium , Mesorhizobium , Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium . With the world’ s increasing dependence on agriculture to feed its population, the use of reduced nitrogen derived from energy provided by fossil fuels is not likely to be sustainable. The key to future sustainable agriculture is to utilize the fundamental knowledge of the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in association with other agricultural crops to benefits an increasing world popul ation. Food therapy of traditional Chinese medicine aims to maintain balanced nutrition through diet.

Keywords

Soybean, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Sus tainable Agriculture

References

• Abdollahi, M., Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2018). Evaluation of yield and some physiological indices of potato cultivars in relation to chemical, biological and manure fertilizers. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova. 2(174): 53 66.
• Broumand, P., Rezaei, A., Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Noory, A. (2010). Influence of forage clipping and top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield of cereal crops in dual purpose cultivation sy stem. Research on Crops. 11(3): 603 613.
• CONAB (Companhia Nacional de Abstercimento (2002 ). Retrieved December 10, 2002, from http//www.conab.gov.br/politica_agricola/ConjunturaSemanal?Semana19a2308/Soja 19a2308.doc.
• Durrant, M. C. (2001). Controlled protonation of iron molybdenum cofactor by nitrogenase: a structural and theoretical analysis. Biochemistry Journal. 355: 569 576.
• Gao, Y., Li, X., Shen, X., Sun, J., and Duan, A. (2015). Soil respiration and nitrification denitrification in maize/soybean intercropping system. Oxidation Communications. 38 (No 1A): 357 366.
• Khoshkharam, M., Rezaei, A., Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2010). Effects of tillage and residue management on yield components and yield of maize in second cropping after barley. Research on Crops. 11(3): 659 666.
• Lian, T., Mu, Y., Ma, Q., Cheng, Y., Gao, R., Cai, Z., Jiang, B., and Nian, H. (2018). Use of sugarcane soybean intercropping in acid soil impacts the structure of the soil fungal community. Scientific Reports. 8: 14488.
• Ogbaji, P. O., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Xue, X. (2013). Changes in germination and primarily growth of three cultivars of tomato under diatomite and soil materials in auto irrigation system. International Journal of Biology. 5(3): 80.
• Ogbaji, P. O., Li, J., Xue, X., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Egrinya, E. A. (2017). Survey yield components of spinach under influence of biofertilizer and nutrient solution in soils of Chengdu, Hunan, Shannxi and Xiaotanshan, China. Research on Crop Ecophysiology. 12(1): 1 8.
• Ogbaji, P. O., Li, J., Xue, X., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Egrinya, E. A. (2018). Impact of bio fertilizer or nutrient solution on Spinach Spinacea Oleracea ) growth and yield in some province soils of P.R. China. Cercetari Agronomics in Moldova. 2(174): 43 52.
• Ohyama, T., Ito, S., Nagumo, Y., Ohtake, N., Sueyoshi, K., Takahashi, Y., and Sato, T. (2010). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation and its assimilation in soybean. Nitrogen Assimilation in Plants. ISBN: 978 81 308 0406 4.
• Santachiara, G., Salvagiotti, Gerde, J. A., and Rotundo, J. L. (2018). Does biological nitrogen fixation modify soybean nitrogen dilution curves? Filed Crops Research. 223: 171 178.
• Schilizzi, S., and Pannell, D. J. (2011). The economics of nitrogen Agronomie. 21: 527 537.
• Schipanski, M. E., Drinkwater, L. E., and Russelle, M. P. (2010). Understanding the variability in soybean nitrogen fixation across agro ecosystems. Plant Soil. 329: 379 397.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Soleymani, A., and Naranjani, L. (2011). Grain and forage characteristics of forage sorghum under different plant densities and nitrogen levels in second cropping after barley in Isfahan, Iran. Research on Crops. 12(1): 68 78.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Xue, X., Soleymani, A., Ogbaji, P. O., and Hu, Y. (2013). Evaluation of physiological indices of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments using weighing lysimeter. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2(24): 1192 1197.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., and Soleymani, A. (2017a). A lysimeter study, a unique tool for botanists, agronomists and other plant scientists. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture. 4(2): 1 9.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., and Soleymani, A. (2017b). Responses of physiological indices of forage sorghum under different plant populations in various nitrogen fertilizer treatments. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science. 15(2): 1 8.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Soleymani , A., and Khoshkharam, M. (2017). Influence of green manuring from different cover crops and farm yard manures on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage corn in low input farming. Research on Crop Ecophysiology. 12(2): 62 68.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Wenli, S., and Qi, C. (2018). A review of goji berry Lycium barbarum ) in traditional Chinese medicine as a promising organic superfood and superfruit in modern industry. Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants. 6(12): 437 445.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Wen li, S., and Qi, C. (2019a). The power of natural Chinese medicine, ginger and ginseng root in an organic life. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 27(1): 64 71.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Wenli, S., and Qi, C. (2019b). Clinical aspects and health benefits of ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) in both traditional Chinese medicine and modern industry. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B Soil & Plant Science. 1 11.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Wenli, S., and Qi, C. (2019c). Traditional Chinese medicine and agriculture; organic life and sustainability for future. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 7(01): 091 095.
• Shahrajabian, M. H., Khoshkharam, M., Wenli, S., and Qi, C. (2019d). Germination and seedlings growth of corn Zea mays L . to allelopathic effects of rice ( Oryza sativa L Tropical Plant Research. 6(1): 152 156.
• Soares, R., Trejo, J., Veloso, M. M., and Castro, I. V. (2016). Biological nitrogen fixation by Phaseolus vulgaris. Revista de Ciencias Agrarias. 39(4): 526 537.
• Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2011). The influence of different planting dates, plant densities on yield and yield components of rice on the basis of different nitrogen levels. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 2(2): 80 83.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Naranjani, L. (2011a). The effects of nitrogen as starter fertilizer on ash percentage, important elements and solar radiation absorption of berseem clover cultivars intercropped by corn. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 9, 342 344.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Naranjani, L. (2011b). Yield and yield components of berseem clover cultivars in low nitrogen fertilizer input farming. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 9(2 part 1): 281 283.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Naranjani, L. (2011c). Changes in qualitative characteristics and yield of three cultivars of berseem clover intercropped with forage corn in low input farming system. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 9( 1): 345 347.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Naranjani, L. (2011d). The effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield components and grain protein of grain sorghum. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 9(3): 244 246.
• Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2012 a). Response of different cultivars of fennel Foeniculum vulgare ) to irrigation and planting dates in Isfahan, Iran. Research on Crops. 13(2): 656 660.
• Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2012b). Forage yield and quality in intercropping of forage corn with different cultivars of berseem clover in different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 10(1 part 2): 602 604.
• Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2012c). Effects of different levels of nitrogen on yield and nitrate content of four spring oion genotypes. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4(4): 179 182.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Khoshkharam, M. (2012c). Effect of different fertility systems on fresh forage yield and qualitative traits of forage corn. Research on Crops. 13(3): 861 865.
• Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2012c)). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on ash, nitrate, organic carbon, protein and total yield of forage maize in sem i arid region of Iran. Research on Crops. 13(3): 1030 1034.
• Soleymani, A., Khoshkharam, M., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2012a). Germination rate and initial growth of silage corn grown under various fertility systems. Research on Crops. 13(3): 1035 1038.
• Soleymani, A., Khoshkharam, M., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2012b). Influence of green manures and crop residue management on yield and yield components of silage corn. Research on Crops. 13(3): 871 876.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Naranjani, L. (2013). Effect of planting dates and different levels of nitrogen on seed yield and yield components of nuts sunflower ( Helianthus annus L .). African Journal of Agricultural Research. 8(46): 5802 5805.
• Soleymani, A., Shahrajabian, M. H., and Khoshkharam, M. (2016). The impact of barley residue management and tillage on forage maize. Roma nian Agricultural Research. 33: 161 167.
• Soleymani, A., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2018). Changes in germination and seedling growth of different cultivars of cumin to drought stress. Cercetari Agronomics in Moldova. 1(173): 91 100.
• Sun, Y., Bi, H., Xu, H., Duan, H., Peng, R., and Wang, J. (2018). Variation of fine roots distribution in apple Malus pumila M Crop intercropping systems on the Loess Plateau of China. Agronomy. 8: 2 80.
• Xu, L.W., Jia, M., Salchow, R., Kentsch, M., Cui, X. J., Deng, H. Y., Sun, Z. J., and Kluwe, L. (2012). Efficacy and side effects of Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms: a critical review. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Article ID: 568106. 19 pages.
• Young, Y., and Shahrajabian, M. H. (2017). Effects of intercropping and rotation on forage yield and quality of oat and common vetch in Jili province. Research on Crop Ecophysiology. 12(1): 9 23.
• Young, Y., Hu, Y., Shahrajabian, M. H., Ren, C., Guo, L., Wang, C., and Zeng, Z. (2018). Changes in dry matter, protein percentage and organic matter of soybean oat and groundnut oat intercropping in different growth stages in Jilin province, China. Acta Agriculturae Sloveni ca. 111(1): 1 7.