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Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 61, 341 - 353, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0082

Öz

Recent neoliberal restructuring of economies has reshaped conditions of work in various parts of the world. New forms of work demand employees to be flexible and able to adapt to changes in the labor market. Recent research has also demonstrated that neoliberalism not only reshapes conditions of employment but also of unemployment and underemployment. This article provides a review of the literature on the debate regarding the definition of neoliberalism and changing conditions of (non)work under neoliberalism. The paper aims to show that qualitative social science research can provide a fruitful base from which to analyze the way in which neoliberalism reshapes how individuals react to conditions of (non)work on the ground. For this, two examples of ethnographic studies are given which analyze local manifestations of changing conditions of (non)work under neoliberalism. The paper suggests that further research might do well to focus on reflections of these changing global circumstances in Turkey. Moreover, research conducted on how individuals adapt to changes in the labor market as well as the consequences of these changes for individuals’ social lives, educational opportunities and their access to healthcare in Turkey could contribute greatly to the international literature on neoliberalism and new forms of work.

Kaynakça

  • Akyol, D. (2016). Neoliberalizm Tartışmalarına Maliye Politikası Çerçevesinden Bir Bakış. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16 (5 (Special Issue)) , 291–308. DOI: 10.18037/ausbd.417479
  • Bartu Candan, A., & Kolluoğlu, B. (2008). Emerging spaces of neoliberalism: A gated town and a public housing project in İstanbul. New Perspectives on Turkey, 39, 5–46.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1998, December). The essence of neoliberalism. Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved from http:// mondediplo.com/1998/12/08bourdieu.
  • Brail, S. (2018). From renegade to regulated: The digital platform economy, Ride-hailing and the case of Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 27(2), 51–63.
  • Cam, S. (2002). Neo-liberalism and labour within the context of an ‘emerging market’ economy— Turkey. Capital & Class, 26, 89–114.
  • Chase, J. (2002). Privatization and private lives: Gender, reproduction, and neoliberal reforms in a Brazilian company town. In J. Chase (Ed.) The Spaces of Neoliberalism: Land, Place and Family in Latin America (pp. 119-140). Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
  • Clarke, J. (August 2008) Living with/in and without neo-liberalism. Focaal—European Journal of Anthropology, 51, 135–147.
  • Comaroff, J. & Comaroff J. L.. (2001). Millennial capitalism: First thought on a second coming. In Comaroff, J. & Comaroff J. L.. (Eds.) Millennial capitalism and the culture of neoliberalism (pp. 1-56).
  • Durham N.C.: Duke University Press. Fleming, P. (2017). The human capital hoax: Work, debt and insecurity in the era of Uberization. Organization Studies, 38(5), 691–709.
  • Freeman, C. (2000). High tech and high heels in the global economy: Women, work, and pink-collar identities in the Caribbean. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • ———. (2001). Is local: Global as feminine: Masculine? Rethinking the gender of globalization. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 26(4), 1007–1037.
  • ———. (2007). The ‘reputation’ of neoliberalism. American Ethnologist, 34(2), 252–267.
  • Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
  • Hirsch, J. S. (2007) “Love makes a family”: Globalization, companionate marriage, and the modernization of gender inequality. In Padilla, M., Hirsch, J. S., Parker, R. G., Munoz-Laboy, M. & Sember R. E. (Eds.). Love and globalization: Transformations of intimacy in the contemporary world (pp. 96–103). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
  • Hoffman, L., DeHart, M., & Stephen, J. C. (September 1, 2006). Notes on the anthropology of neoliberalism. Anthropology News, 47(6), 9–10.
  • Kelan, E. (2009) Performing gender at work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kurmuş, O. (2010). Türkiye’de Neoliberalizm. Mülkiye Dergisi, 34(268), 9–41. Retrieved from https://dergipark. org.tr/tr/pub/mulkiye/issue/269/608
  • Lane, C. M. (2011). A Company of one: Insecurity, independence, and the new world of white-collar unemployment. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Ong, A. (2006). Neoliberalism as exception: Mutations in citizenship and sovereignty. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press.
  • Polat, F. & Basmacı, M. (2018). Neoliberalizm heyulası: Keynesyenizme saldırı mı? Sermayenin zorunlu istikameti mi?. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3(2), 79–128 . Retrieved from https://dergipark. org.tr/tr/pub/kkujebpir/issue/37082/426612
  • Prechel H., & Harms, J. B. (2007). Politics and neoliberalism: Theory and ideology. In Prechel H. (Ed.). Politics and Neoliberalism: Structure, Process and Outcome Research in Political Sociology 16 (pp. 3–17). Oxford, UK, Amsterdam, Netherlands, San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier JAI Press.
  • Rankin, K. N. (2001). Governing development: neoliberalism, microcredit, and rational economic woman. Economy and Society, 30(1): 18–37.
  • Salzinger, L. (2003). Genders in Production: Making Workers in Mexico’s Global Factories. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
  • Sodano, V. (September 2011). The new division of labor in the globalized economy: Women’s challenges and opportunities. Forum for Social Economics, 40(3): 281–298.
  • Song, J. (2009). South Koreans in the debt crisis: The creation of a neoliberal welfare society. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Standing, G. (1999). Global feminization through flexible labor: A theme revisited. World Development, 27(3), 583–602.
  • ———. (2009). Work after globalization: Building occupational citizenship. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Şenses, F. (2012). Turkey’s experience with neoliberal policies since 1980 in retrospect and prospect. New Perspectives on Turkey, 47, 11–31.
  • Ward, K. (2007). Temporary staffing, ‘geographies of circulation,’ and the business of delivering neoliberalization. In England, K. & Ward, K. (Eds.). Neoliberalization: states, networks, peoples (pp. 110–136). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Ward, K., & England, K.. (2007). Introduction: Reading neoliberalization. In England, K. & Ward, K. (Eds.). Neoliberalization: states, networks, peoples (pp. 1–22). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.

Eksik İstihdam, İşsizlik, Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Neoliberalizmde Değişen İş(Yokluğu) Koşulları

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 61, 341 - 353, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0082

Öz

Ekonomilerin son dönemdeki neoliberal yeniden yapılanması Dünya’nın birçok yerinde çalışma koşullarını yeniden şekillendirmiştir. Yeni çalışma biçimleri, çalışanların esnek olmasını ve emek piyasasındaki değişikliklere uyum sağlayabilmelerini talep etmektedir. Son araştırmalar, neoliberalizmin yalnızca istihdam koşullarını değil aynı zamanda işsizliğin ve eksik istihdamın da koşullarını yeniden şekillendirdiğini göstermiştir. Bu makale, neoliberalizmin tanımı ve neoliberalizmde iş (yokluğu) koşullarının değişmesine ilişkin literatürdeki tartışmalar hakkında bir derleme sağlar. Bu makale, nitel sosyal bilim araştırmalarının, neoliberalizmin bireylerin iş (yokluğu) koşullarına verdikleri tepkileri nasıl yeniden şekillendirdiğini analiz etmek için verimli bir temel sağlayabileceğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için de neoliberalizmle birlikte değişen iş (yokluğu) koşullarının yerel tezahürlerini analiz etmek için iki etnografik çalışma örnek olarak sunulmuştur. Makale, ileride yapılacak araştırmaların bu değişen küresel koşulların Türkiye’deki yansımalarına odaklanabileceğini öne sürüyor. Ayrıca, bireylerin işgücü piyasasındaki değişimlere nasıl uyum sağladığına dair çalışmalar ve bu değişimlerin bireylerin sosyal yaşamları üzerinde, eğitim fırsatları alanında ve sağlık hizmetlerine erişimleri konusunda doğurduğu sonuçlar üzerine Türkiye’de yapılacak ileriki araştırmalar, neoliberalizm ve yeni iş biçimleri hakkındaki uluslararası literatüre de geniş biçimde katkı sağlayabilirler.

Kaynakça

  • Akyol, D. (2016). Neoliberalizm Tartışmalarına Maliye Politikası Çerçevesinden Bir Bakış. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16 (5 (Special Issue)) , 291–308. DOI: 10.18037/ausbd.417479
  • Bartu Candan, A., & Kolluoğlu, B. (2008). Emerging spaces of neoliberalism: A gated town and a public housing project in İstanbul. New Perspectives on Turkey, 39, 5–46.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1998, December). The essence of neoliberalism. Le Monde diplomatique. Retrieved from http:// mondediplo.com/1998/12/08bourdieu.
  • Brail, S. (2018). From renegade to regulated: The digital platform economy, Ride-hailing and the case of Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 27(2), 51–63.
  • Cam, S. (2002). Neo-liberalism and labour within the context of an ‘emerging market’ economy— Turkey. Capital & Class, 26, 89–114.
  • Chase, J. (2002). Privatization and private lives: Gender, reproduction, and neoliberal reforms in a Brazilian company town. In J. Chase (Ed.) The Spaces of Neoliberalism: Land, Place and Family in Latin America (pp. 119-140). Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
  • Clarke, J. (August 2008) Living with/in and without neo-liberalism. Focaal—European Journal of Anthropology, 51, 135–147.
  • Comaroff, J. & Comaroff J. L.. (2001). Millennial capitalism: First thought on a second coming. In Comaroff, J. & Comaroff J. L.. (Eds.) Millennial capitalism and the culture of neoliberalism (pp. 1-56).
  • Durham N.C.: Duke University Press. Fleming, P. (2017). The human capital hoax: Work, debt and insecurity in the era of Uberization. Organization Studies, 38(5), 691–709.
  • Freeman, C. (2000). High tech and high heels in the global economy: Women, work, and pink-collar identities in the Caribbean. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • ———. (2001). Is local: Global as feminine: Masculine? Rethinking the gender of globalization. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 26(4), 1007–1037.
  • ———. (2007). The ‘reputation’ of neoliberalism. American Ethnologist, 34(2), 252–267.
  • Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
  • Hirsch, J. S. (2007) “Love makes a family”: Globalization, companionate marriage, and the modernization of gender inequality. In Padilla, M., Hirsch, J. S., Parker, R. G., Munoz-Laboy, M. & Sember R. E. (Eds.). Love and globalization: Transformations of intimacy in the contemporary world (pp. 96–103). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
  • Hoffman, L., DeHart, M., & Stephen, J. C. (September 1, 2006). Notes on the anthropology of neoliberalism. Anthropology News, 47(6), 9–10.
  • Kelan, E. (2009) Performing gender at work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kurmuş, O. (2010). Türkiye’de Neoliberalizm. Mülkiye Dergisi, 34(268), 9–41. Retrieved from https://dergipark. org.tr/tr/pub/mulkiye/issue/269/608
  • Lane, C. M. (2011). A Company of one: Insecurity, independence, and the new world of white-collar unemployment. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Ong, A. (2006). Neoliberalism as exception: Mutations in citizenship and sovereignty. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press.
  • Polat, F. & Basmacı, M. (2018). Neoliberalizm heyulası: Keynesyenizme saldırı mı? Sermayenin zorunlu istikameti mi?. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 3(2), 79–128 . Retrieved from https://dergipark. org.tr/tr/pub/kkujebpir/issue/37082/426612
  • Prechel H., & Harms, J. B. (2007). Politics and neoliberalism: Theory and ideology. In Prechel H. (Ed.). Politics and Neoliberalism: Structure, Process and Outcome Research in Political Sociology 16 (pp. 3–17). Oxford, UK, Amsterdam, Netherlands, San Diego, CA, USA: Elsevier JAI Press.
  • Rankin, K. N. (2001). Governing development: neoliberalism, microcredit, and rational economic woman. Economy and Society, 30(1): 18–37.
  • Salzinger, L. (2003). Genders in Production: Making Workers in Mexico’s Global Factories. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
  • Sodano, V. (September 2011). The new division of labor in the globalized economy: Women’s challenges and opportunities. Forum for Social Economics, 40(3): 281–298.
  • Song, J. (2009). South Koreans in the debt crisis: The creation of a neoliberal welfare society. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Standing, G. (1999). Global feminization through flexible labor: A theme revisited. World Development, 27(3), 583–602.
  • ———. (2009). Work after globalization: Building occupational citizenship. Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Şenses, F. (2012). Turkey’s experience with neoliberal policies since 1980 in retrospect and prospect. New Perspectives on Turkey, 47, 11–31.
  • Ward, K. (2007). Temporary staffing, ‘geographies of circulation,’ and the business of delivering neoliberalization. In England, K. & Ward, K. (Eds.). Neoliberalization: states, networks, peoples (pp. 110–136). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Ward, K., & England, K.. (2007). Introduction: Reading neoliberalization. In England, K. & Ward, K. (Eds.). Neoliberalization: states, networks, peoples (pp. 1–22). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Kuramsal Makale
Yazarlar

Anlam Filiz Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5415-7156

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Filiz, A. (2020). Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(61), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0082
AMA Filiz A. Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. Haziran 2020;(61):341-353. doi:10.26650/JECS2019-0082
Chicago Filiz, Anlam. “Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 61 (Haziran 2020): 341-53. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0082.
EndNote Filiz A (01 Haziran 2020) Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 61 341–353.
IEEE A. Filiz, “Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 61, ss. 341–353, Haziran 2020, doi: 10.26650/JECS2019-0082.
ISNAD Filiz, Anlam. “Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 61 (Haziran 2020), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0082.
JAMA Filiz A. Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020;:341–353.
MLA Filiz, Anlam. “Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 61, 2020, ss. 341-53, doi:10.26650/JECS2019-0082.
Vancouver Filiz A. Underemployment, Unemployment, Gender and Changing Conditions of (Non)Work under Neoliberalism. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020(61):341-53.