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Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 62, 365 - 380, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0065

Öz

The concept of citizenship has changed dramatically since the term was first used in ancient Greece. Recent citizenship debates have focused on the implications of commodified citizenship and growth of the “golden visa” market as these new schemes raise ethical and constitutional concerns. Paid-for citizenship schemes undermine the traditional notion of citizenship often marked by solidarity, rights and duties. Paid-for citizenship contradicts contemporary citizenship’s essential principle of equality. Therefore, the core challenge for Turkey and other countries offering paid-for citizenship is the unethical implications of distinguishing refugee/immigrant populations by financial capability in acquiring citizenship. While Turkey does not grant full-fledged refugee status to non-European people and limit duration of their stay in Turkey, Citizenship by Investment programmes offer the rich people –including non-Europeans- an opportunity to acquire Turkish citizenship. So, the new citizenship programme in Turkey is paving the way for discrimination based on the socioeconomic status of individuals. What’s more, this actually tends to push the citizenship concept into a narrow understanding despite the expansion of the modern citizenship concept towards more inclusive rights reaching beyond the boundaries of nation states. Taking this into account, this paper aims to illustrate the discrepancies between paid- for citizenship and refugee policies by highlighting the ethical questions arising from citizenship by investment programmes in Turkey.

Kaynakça

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  • Barbulescu, R. (2018). Global mobility corridors for the ultra-rich the neoliberal transformation of citizenship. In R. Bauböck (Ed.), Debating transformation of national citizenship (pp. 29–32). Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_6
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Metalaşan (Altın) Vatandaşlığın Etik Boyutu

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 62, 365 - 380, 25.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0065

Öz

Vatandaşlık kavramı ilk kez Antik Yunan’da kullanılmasından bu yana oldukça değişmiştir. Bugün gelinen noktada vatandaşlık tartışmalarına satılık vatandaşlık ya da altın vatandaşlık olarak tanımlanabilecek yeni tartışmalar eklenmiş, böylece kavramla ilgili etik kaygılar da ortaya çıkmıştır. Satılık vatandaşlık, dayanışma, haklar ve ödevler gibi vatandaşlık kavramının işaret ettiği geleneksel değerleri zedelemektedir. Dahası , vatandaşlığın özünde yer alan eşitlik ilkesi ile de çelişmektedir. Türkiye ve diğer ülkelerinde konu ile ilgili önlerine çıkan başlıca çatışma unsuru göçmen/mülteci gruplarını, vatandaşlık elde etme konusunda finansal yeterlilikleri doğrultusunda değerlendirmenin yol açtığı etik olmayan durumdur. Türkiye Avrupa dışından gelenlere tam bir mülteci statüsü vermemekte, ülkede kalışlarını sınırlamaktadır. Öte yandan, yatırım yolu ile vatandaşlık yolu - Avrupa dışından gelenler dahil- herkese açıktır. Bu durum, vatandaşlık politiklarında sosyoekonomik bir ayrımcılığa yol açmaktadır. Ayrıca, ulus devlet sınırları ötesinde, daha kapsayıcı hakları dahil eden modern vatandaşlık kavramına karşın, daha dar bir vatandaşlık anlayışını da ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Çalışmamız, yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık ile beraber, satılık vatandaşlık ve mülteci politikaları arasındaki uyuşmazlığı ele almakta ve bu uyuşmazlığın yol açtığı etik olmayan durumu ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Amnesty International. (2018, April 24). Turkey: Thousands of Afghans swept up in ruthless deportation drive. Retrieved from http://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/turkey-thousands-of-afghans-swept-up-in-ruthless-deportation-drive/
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  • Baban, F., Ilcan, S., & Rygiel, K. (2017). Syrian refugees in Turkey: Pathways to precarity, differential inclusion and negotiated citizenship rights. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,43(1), 41–57. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1192996
  • Barbulescu, R. (2018). Global mobility corridors for the ultra-rich the neoliberal transformation of citizenship. In R. Bauböck (Ed.), Debating transformation of national citizenship (pp. 29–32). Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_6
  • Bauböck, R. (2018). What is wrong with selling citizenship? It corrupts democracy! In R. Bauböck (Ed.), Debating transformations of national citizenship (pp. 37–41). Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_8
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  • Brodie, J. (2002). Citizenship and solidarity: Reflections on the Canadian way. Citizenship Studies, 6(4), 377–394.
  • Cohen, J. H., & Sirkeci, I. (2011). Cultures of migration: The global nature of contemporary mobility. University of Texas Press.
  • Cummings, C., Pacitto, J., Lauro, D., & Foresti, M. (2015). Why people move: understanding the drivers and trends of migration to Europe. London: Overseas Development Institute.
  • Çağaptay, S. (2003). Citizenship policies in interwar Turkey. Nations and Nationalism, 9(4), 601–619. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8219.00129
  • Declaration of Human Rights. (1948). Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
  • Dönmez, R. Ö. (2011). Beyond state-led nationalism: ideal citizenship for Turkey. In R. Ö. Dönmez & P. Enneli (Eds.), Societal peace and ideal citizenship for Turkey. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books (pp.1–26). New York: Lexington Books
  • Džankić, J. (2012). The pros and cons of ius pecuniae: Investor citizenship in comparative perspective. Robert Schuman Centre for Advances Studies. Retrieved from https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/21476/RSCAS_2012_14.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
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  • Džankić, J. (2018). The Maltese Falcon, or: my Porsche for a passport! In R. Bauböck (Ed.), Debating transformations of national citizenship (pp. 33–36), Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_7
  • Ergocun, G. (2019). 250+ apply for Turkish citizenship through investment. Retrieved from http://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/250-apply-for-turkish-citizenship-through-investment/1354045
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  • Ince, B. (2012). Citizenship and identity in Turkey: From Atatürk’s Republic To The Present Day. London: IB Tauris.
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  • Isin, E. F., & Wood, P. (1999). Citizenship and identity (Vol. 448): Sage.
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  • Jenson, J. (2009). Redesigning citizenship regimes after neoliberalism: Moving towards social investment. In N. Morel & B. Palier and J. Palme (Eds.), What future for social investment? (pp. 27–44), Institute for Future Studies Research Paper. Retrieved from https://www.iffs.se/media/1705/what-f.pdf
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  • Kochenov, D. (2018). Citizenship for real: Its hypocrisy, its randomness, its price. In R. Baub öck (Ed.), Debating transformations of national citizenship (pp. 51–55): Springer.
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  • Linklater, A. (1996). Citizenship and sovereignty in the post-Westphalian state. European Journal of International Relations, 2(1), 77–103.
  • Magni-Berton, R. (2014). Citizenship for those who invest into the future of the state is not wrong, the price is the problem. In A. Shachar & R. Bauböck (Eds.), Should citizenship be for sale? (pp. 11–12). EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2014/01: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies.
  • Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and social class. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mavelli, L. (2018). Citizenship for sale and the neoliberal political economy of belonging. International Studies Quarterly,62(3), 482–493. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqy004
  • McCluskey, M. T. (2003). Efficiency and social citizenship: Challenging the neoliberal attack on the welfare state. Indiana Law Journal, 78(2), 783–876.
  • McNevin, A. (2011). Contesting citizenship: Irregular migrants and new frontiers of the political. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Oldfield, A. (1994). Citizenship: An unnatural practice. In P. H. Bryan S. Turner (Ed.), Citizenship: Critical concepts, Vol. 1, pp. 188–197. New York.Ong, A. (2005). (Re)Articulations of citizenship. PS: Political Science and Politics, 38(4), 697–699.
  • Öke, M. K. (2011). Social rights as ideal citizenship. In P. Enneli & R. Ö. Dönmez (Eds.), Societal peace and ideal citizenship for Turkey (pp. 227–255). UK: Lexington Books.
  • Pfetsch, F. R. (2013). European citizenship: A concept of interrelatedness and conditionality. In S. K. Mitra (Ed.), Citizenship as cultural flow structure, agency and power (pp.87–106). London: Springer.
  • Polat, F. Ç., & Eda, K. (2017). Bir ötekileştirme pratiği: Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyelilere yönelik tutumlar. Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 38–48.
  • Reichel, D. (2011). Do legal regulations hinder naturalisation? Citizenship policies and naturalisation rates in Europe. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Retrieved from https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/18734/RSCAS-2011_51.corr.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior Directorate General of Migration Management. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
  • Rubin, A. (2017). Turkish citizenship: the perils of hegemonic tendencies and the shadow of securitization. Citizenship Studies,21(8), 872–888 Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2017.1380648.
  • Schierup, C. U., & Ålund, A. (2011). The end of Swedish exceptionalism? Citizenship, neoliberalism and the politics of exclusion. Race & Class, 53(1), 45–64.
  • Shachar, A. (2011). Picking winners: Olympic citizenship and the global race for talent. Immigr. & Nat’lity L. Rev.,32, 523.
  • Shachar, A. (2017). Citizenship for sale? In A. Shachar, R.Buböck, I. Bloemraad & M. Wink (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship: Oxford University Press.
  • Shachar, A. (2018). Dangerous liaisons: money and citizenship. In R. Bauböck (Ed.), Debating transformations of national citizenship, (pp. 7–15), Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_2
  • Shachar, A., & Bauböck, R. (2014). Should citizenship be for sale? Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper. Retrieved from https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/29318/RSCAS_2014_01.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Sirkeci, I. (2003). Migration, ethnicity and conflict: The environment of insecurity and Turkish Kurdish international migration. (PhD Thesis). University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.
  • Sirkeci, I. (2007). Human insecurity and streams of conflict for a re-conceptualization of international migration. Population Review, 46(2), 32–50. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2008.0003
  • Sirkeci, I. (2010). Güvensizlik ve çatışma ekseninde uluslararası göç ve vatandaşlık. In F. Kartal (Ed.), Yurttaşlık tartışmaları yeni yaklaşımlar (pp. 89–118). Ankara: TODAIE Yayınları.
  • Sirkeci, I, Utku, D., & Yüceşahin, M. M. (2019). Göç çatışma modelinin katılım, kalkınma ve kitle açıkları üzerinden bir değerlendirmesi. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 59(1), 199–226. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0016
  • Smith, R. M. (2002). Modern citizenship. In E. F. Isin & B. S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (pp. 105–115). London: Sage Publications.
  • Soyarık-Şentürk, N. (2009). Legal and constitutional foundations of Turkish citizenship: Changes and continuities. In F. Keyman, & A. İçduygu (Eds.), Citizenship in a global world (pp. 136–156). New York: Routledge.
  • Soylu, R. (2019). Revealed: Middle East nationals fuel Turkish billion-dollar citizenship Bonanza. Retrieved fromhttps://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey- citizenship-by-investment-scheme-foreigners-billion
  • Soysal, Y. N. (1994). Limits of citizenship: Migrants and postnational membership in Europe. University of Chicago Press.
  • Sözen, Ü. S. (2016). Fragile balance of EU-Turkey readmission agreement. Turkish Migration Policy (pp.149–168). Transnational Press London. spiegel.de. (2013). Citizenship for sale in malta. Retrieved fromhttps://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/malta-passes-bill-giving-citizenship-to-foreigners-for-payment-a-933360.html
  • Spiro, P. J. (2018). Cash-for-Passports and the end of citizenship. In R. Bauböck (Ed.), Debating transformations of national citizenship (pp. 17–19): Springer. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92719-0_3
  • sputnik. (2017, January 1). Hükümet suriyelilerden 44 milyar dolar bekliyor. from Retrieved from https://tr.sputniknews.com/turkiye/201701141026768574-suriye-yabancilara-vatandaslik/
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  • TC Ministry of Interior. (2019). Acquisition of Turkish citizenship for foreign investors. Retrieved from https://www.nvi.gov.tr/pages/yabanci-yatirimcilarin-turk-vatandasligini-kazanmalari.aspx
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  • Tilly, C. (1997). A primer on citizenship. Theory and Society, 26(4), 599–603.
  • Toktas, S. (2005). Citizenship and minorities: a historical overview of Turkey’s Jewish minority. Journal of Historical Sociology, 18(4), 394–429. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x
  • trthaber. (2019, January 6). Retrieved from https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/2018-yilinda-55-bin-894-duzensiz-gocmen-sinir-disi-edildi-400145.html
  • Turan, İ. (1969). Cumhuriyet tarihimiz (our republican history). İstanbul: Çağlayan Ktb.
  • Turner, B. S. (1993). Citizenship And Social Theory (Vol. 24). Sage.UNHCR. (2019). Turkey: Key facts and figures. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/unhcr-turkey-stats
  • Üstel, F. (2016). Makbul vatandaşın peşinde: II. Meşrutiyet’ten bugüne vatandaşlık eğitimi. İletişim Yayınları: İstanbul.Van Fossen, A. (2007). Citizenship for sale: Passports of convenience from Pacific Island tax havens. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 45(2), 138–163. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040701317477
  • Vardar, D. (2009). European-Turkish relations and the question of citizenship. In F. Keyman, & A. İçduygu (Eds.), Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge.
  • Yeğen, M. (2004). Citizenship and ethnicity in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(6), 51–66.
  • Yeğen, M. (2008). The dialectic and the tragedy of citizenship. European Political Science, 7(1), 98–112. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210149
Toplam 83 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Kuramsal Makale
Yazarlar

Deniz Eroğlu Utku Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2334-7424

İbrahim Sirkeci Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1823-699X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 62

Kaynak Göster

APA Eroğlu Utku, D., & Sirkeci, İ. (2020). Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(62), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0065
AMA Eroğlu Utku D, Sirkeci İ. Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. Aralık 2020;(62):365-380. doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0065
Chicago Eroğlu Utku, Deniz, ve İbrahim Sirkeci. “Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 62 (Aralık 2020): 365-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0065.
EndNote Eroğlu Utku D, Sirkeci İ (01 Aralık 2020) Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 365–380.
IEEE D. Eroğlu Utku ve İ. Sirkeci, “Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 62, ss. 365–380, Aralık 2020, doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0065.
ISNAD Eroğlu Utku, Deniz - Sirkeci, İbrahim. “Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 62 (Aralık 2020), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0065.
JAMA Eroğlu Utku D, Sirkeci İ. Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020;:365–380.
MLA Eroğlu Utku, Deniz ve İbrahim Sirkeci. “Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. 62, 2020, ss. 365-80, doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0065.
Vancouver Eroğlu Utku D, Sirkeci İ. Ethics of Commodified (Golden) Citizenship. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020(62):365-80.