From personalized advertising to economic forecasting, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an increasingly important element of our daily lives. These advancements raise concerns regarding the transhumanist perspective and associated discussions in the context of technology-human interaction, as well as the influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on education and critical pedagogy. In this regard, the purpose of this research paper was to investigate the intersection of AI and critical pedagogy by critically assessing the potential of AI to promote or hamper critical pedagogical practices in the context of transhumanism. The article provides an overview of the concepts of transhumanism, artificial intelligence, and critical pedagogy. In order to seek answers to research questions, qualitative research design was adopted, and GPT-3 was used as a data collection resource. Noteworthy findings include the similarity of the dialogue with the GPT-3 davinci model to a conversation between two human beings, as well as its difficulty in understanding some of the questions presented from a critical pedagogy perspective. GPT-3 draws attention to the importance of the relationship between humans in education and emphasizes that AI applications can be an opportunity to ensure equality in education. The research provides suggestions indicating the relationship between AI applications and critical pedagogy.
We would like to thank OpenAI for allowing us to use the OpenAI platform as a researcher and for their support during the process.
References
Agar, N. (2013). Truly human enhancement: A philosophical defense of limits. MIT Press.
Arf, C. (1959). Makine Düşünebilir mi ve Nasıl Düşünebilir? Atatürk Üniversitesi 1958-1959 Öğretim Yılı Halk Konferansları (1), 91-103.
Ayling, J., & Chapman, A. (2022). Putting AI ethics to work: are the tools fit for purpose?. AI and Ethics 2(3), 405–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00084-x
Billington, R. (1993). Living Philosophy: An Introduction to Moral Thought (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203009819
Bhutoria, A. (2022). Personalized education and Artificial Intelligence in the United States, China, and India: A systematic review using a Human-In-The-Loop model. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100068
Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2018). The ethics of artificial intelligence. In Artificial intelligence safety and security (pp. 57-69). Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351251389-4
Bozkurt, A. (2023a). Unleashing the potential of generative AI, conversational agents and chatbots in educational praxis: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of GenAI in education. Open Praxis, 15(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.15.4.609
Bozkurt, A. (2023b). Generative artificial intelligence (AI) powered conversational educational agents: The inevitable paradigm shift. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716416
Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., Bali, M., Dron, J., Mir, K., Stewart, B., Costello, E., Mason, J., Stracke, C., Romero-Hall, E., Koutropoulos, A., Jandrić, P. (2023). Speculative futures on ChatGPT and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): A collective reflection from the educational landscape. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 53-130. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7636568
Craft, M. (1984). Education for diversity. In Education and cultural pluralism, ed. M. Craft, 5-26. London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press.
Chomsky, N. (2023). The False Promise of ChatGPT. The New York Times, 8 March. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/opinion/noam-chomsky-chatgpt-ai.html.
Daneshjou, R., Smith, M. P., Sun, M. D., Rotemberg, V., & Zou, J. (2021). Lack of transparency and potential bias in artificial intelligence data sets and algorithms: a scoping review. JAMA Dermatology, 157(11), 1362-1369. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.3129
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Seabury Press.
Gaskins, N. (2022). Interrogating Algorithmic Bias: From Speculative Fiction to Liberatory Design. TechTrends, 67(3), 417-425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00783-0
Goksel, N., & Bozkurt, A. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Current insights and future perspectives. In S. Sisman-Ugur & G. Kurubacak (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism (pp. 224-236). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8431-5.ch014
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. H. (2009). The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction (Vol. 2, pp. 1-758). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education. In: Data ethics: building trust : how digital technologies can serve humanity. (pp. 621-653). Globethics Publications. https://doi.org/10.58863/20.500.12424/4276068
Huang, A. Y., Lu, O. H., & Yang, S. J. (2023). Effects of artificial Intelligence–Enabled personalized recommendations on learners’ learning engagement, motivation, and outcomes in a flipped classroom. Computers & Education, 194, 104684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104684
Jani, K. H., Jones, K. A., Jones, G. W., Amiel, J., Barron, B., & Elhadad, N. (2020). Machine learning to extract communication and history-taking skills in OSCE transcripts. Medical Education, 54(12), 1159-1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14347
Kanpol, B. (1999). Critical pedagogy: An introduction. Greenwood publishing group.
Khan, I., Ahmad, A. R., Jabeur, N., & Mahdi, M. N. (2021). An artificial intelligence approach to monitor student performance and devise preventive measures. Smart Learning Environments, 8(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00161-y
LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521, 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
Lund, B. D., & Wang, T. (2023). Chatting about ChatGPT: How may AI and GPT impact academia and libraries?, Library Hi Tech News, 40(3), 26-29 . https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2023-0009
Markauskaite, L., Marrone, R., Poquet, O., Knight, S., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Howard, S., Tondeur, J., De Laat, M., Buckingham Shum, S., Gašević, D., & Siemens, G. (2022). Rethinking the entwinement between artificial intelligence and human learning: What capabilities do learners need for a world with AI?. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100056
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. (1955). A proposal for Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. http://www.formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth.pdf.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Mialaret, G. (2017). Les sciences de l'éducation. Presses Universitaires de France. https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.miala.2017.01
More, M. (2013). The Philosophy of transhumanism. In More, M., & Vita-More, N. (Eds) The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927.ch1
OpenAI. (2022). ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/
Porter, A. (2017). Bioethics and transhumanism, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 42(3), 237-260 , https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhx001
Pruyn, M., & Huerta-Charles, L. (2016). This fist called my heart: The Peter McLaren reader, Volume I. IAP. www.googlebooks.com.
Qu, S., Li, K., Wu, B., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2019). Predicting student achievement based on temporal learning behavior in MOOCs. Applied Sciences, 9(24), 5539. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245539
Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd Edition). Prentice Hall.
Şenocak, D., Kocdar, S., & Bozkurt, A. (2023). Historical, philosophical and ethical roots of artificial intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Education, 40(1), 67-90. https://doi.org/10.30971/pje.v40i1.1152
Sharon, T. (2013). Human nature in an age of biotechnology: The case for mediated posthumanism (Vol. 14). Springer Science & Business Media.
Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C. J., Guez, A., Sifre, L., van den Driessche, G., Schrittwieser, J., Antonoglou, I., Panneershelvam, V., Lanctot, M., Dieleman, S., Grewe, D., Nham, J., Kalchbrenner, N., Sutskever, I., Lillicrap, T., Leach, M., Kavukcuoglu, K., Graepel, T., & Hassabis, D. (2016). Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature, 529(7587), 484-489. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press.
Swiecki, Z., Khosravi, H., Chen, G., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Lodge, J. M., Milligan, S., Selwyn, N., & Gašević, D. (2022). Assessment in the age of artificial intelligence. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100075
Tirosh‐Samuelson, H. (2012). Transhumanism as a secularist faith. Zygon®, 47(4), 710-734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01288.x
UNESCO. (2016). Education 2030: Incheon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of sustainable development goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245656
Viniegra-Velázquez L. (2021). Colonialismo y educación médica: ¿educare o educere? [Colonialism and medical education: educare or educere?]. Boletin medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico, 78(4), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.24875/BMHIM.20000234
Xia, Q., Chiu, T. K., Lee, M., Sanusi, I. T., Dai, Y., & Chai, C. S. (2022). A self-determination theory (SDT) design approach for inclusive and diverse artificial intelligence (AI) education. Computers & Education, 189, 104582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104582
Year 2024,
Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 102 - 115, 31.01.2024
Agar, N. (2013). Truly human enhancement: A philosophical defense of limits. MIT Press.
Arf, C. (1959). Makine Düşünebilir mi ve Nasıl Düşünebilir? Atatürk Üniversitesi 1958-1959 Öğretim Yılı Halk Konferansları (1), 91-103.
Ayling, J., & Chapman, A. (2022). Putting AI ethics to work: are the tools fit for purpose?. AI and Ethics 2(3), 405–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00084-x
Billington, R. (1993). Living Philosophy: An Introduction to Moral Thought (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203009819
Bhutoria, A. (2022). Personalized education and Artificial Intelligence in the United States, China, and India: A systematic review using a Human-In-The-Loop model. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100068
Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2018). The ethics of artificial intelligence. In Artificial intelligence safety and security (pp. 57-69). Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351251389-4
Bozkurt, A. (2023a). Unleashing the potential of generative AI, conversational agents and chatbots in educational praxis: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis of GenAI in education. Open Praxis, 15(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.15.4.609
Bozkurt, A. (2023b). Generative artificial intelligence (AI) powered conversational educational agents: The inevitable paradigm shift. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7716416
Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Lambert, S., Pazurek, A., Crompton, H., Koseoglu, S., Farrow, R., Bond, M., Nerantzi, C., Honeychurch, S., Bali, M., Dron, J., Mir, K., Stewart, B., Costello, E., Mason, J., Stracke, C., Romero-Hall, E., Koutropoulos, A., Jandrić, P. (2023). Speculative futures on ChatGPT and Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI): A collective reflection from the educational landscape. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 53-130. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7636568
Craft, M. (1984). Education for diversity. In Education and cultural pluralism, ed. M. Craft, 5-26. London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press.
Chomsky, N. (2023). The False Promise of ChatGPT. The New York Times, 8 March. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/08/opinion/noam-chomsky-chatgpt-ai.html.
Daneshjou, R., Smith, M. P., Sun, M. D., Rotemberg, V., & Zou, J. (2021). Lack of transparency and potential bias in artificial intelligence data sets and algorithms: a scoping review. JAMA Dermatology, 157(11), 1362-1369. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.3129
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Seabury Press.
Gaskins, N. (2022). Interrogating Algorithmic Bias: From Speculative Fiction to Liberatory Design. TechTrends, 67(3), 417-425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00783-0
Goksel, N., & Bozkurt, A. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Current insights and future perspectives. In S. Sisman-Ugur & G. Kurubacak (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism (pp. 224-236). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8431-5.ch014
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. H. (2009). The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction (Vol. 2, pp. 1-758). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education. In: Data ethics: building trust : how digital technologies can serve humanity. (pp. 621-653). Globethics Publications. https://doi.org/10.58863/20.500.12424/4276068
Huang, A. Y., Lu, O. H., & Yang, S. J. (2023). Effects of artificial Intelligence–Enabled personalized recommendations on learners’ learning engagement, motivation, and outcomes in a flipped classroom. Computers & Education, 194, 104684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104684
Jani, K. H., Jones, K. A., Jones, G. W., Amiel, J., Barron, B., & Elhadad, N. (2020). Machine learning to extract communication and history-taking skills in OSCE transcripts. Medical Education, 54(12), 1159-1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14347
Kanpol, B. (1999). Critical pedagogy: An introduction. Greenwood publishing group.
Khan, I., Ahmad, A. R., Jabeur, N., & Mahdi, M. N. (2021). An artificial intelligence approach to monitor student performance and devise preventive measures. Smart Learning Environments, 8(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00161-y
LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521, 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
Lund, B. D., & Wang, T. (2023). Chatting about ChatGPT: How may AI and GPT impact academia and libraries?, Library Hi Tech News, 40(3), 26-29 . https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2023-0009
Markauskaite, L., Marrone, R., Poquet, O., Knight, S., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Howard, S., Tondeur, J., De Laat, M., Buckingham Shum, S., Gašević, D., & Siemens, G. (2022). Rethinking the entwinement between artificial intelligence and human learning: What capabilities do learners need for a world with AI?. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100056
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. (1955). A proposal for Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. http://www.formal.stanford.edu/jmc/history/dartmouth.pdf.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Mialaret, G. (2017). Les sciences de l'éducation. Presses Universitaires de France. https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.miala.2017.01
More, M. (2013). The Philosophy of transhumanism. In More, M., & Vita-More, N. (Eds) The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays on the Science, Technology, and Philosophy of the Human Future, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555927.ch1
OpenAI. (2022). ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/
Porter, A. (2017). Bioethics and transhumanism, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, 42(3), 237-260 , https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhx001
Pruyn, M., & Huerta-Charles, L. (2016). This fist called my heart: The Peter McLaren reader, Volume I. IAP. www.googlebooks.com.
Qu, S., Li, K., Wu, B., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2019). Predicting student achievement based on temporal learning behavior in MOOCs. Applied Sciences, 9(24), 5539. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245539
Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd Edition). Prentice Hall.
Şenocak, D., Kocdar, S., & Bozkurt, A. (2023). Historical, philosophical and ethical roots of artificial intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Education, 40(1), 67-90. https://doi.org/10.30971/pje.v40i1.1152
Sharon, T. (2013). Human nature in an age of biotechnology: The case for mediated posthumanism (Vol. 14). Springer Science & Business Media.
Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C. J., Guez, A., Sifre, L., van den Driessche, G., Schrittwieser, J., Antonoglou, I., Panneershelvam, V., Lanctot, M., Dieleman, S., Grewe, D., Nham, J., Kalchbrenner, N., Sutskever, I., Lillicrap, T., Leach, M., Kavukcuoglu, K., Graepel, T., & Hassabis, D. (2016). Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature, 529(7587), 484-489. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16961
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G. (2018). Reinforcement learning: An introduction. MIT press.
Swiecki, Z., Khosravi, H., Chen, G., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Lodge, J. M., Milligan, S., Selwyn, N., & Gašević, D. (2022). Assessment in the age of artificial intelligence. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100075
Tirosh‐Samuelson, H. (2012). Transhumanism as a secularist faith. Zygon®, 47(4), 710-734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01288.x
UNESCO. (2016). Education 2030: Incheon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of sustainable development goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000245656
Viniegra-Velázquez L. (2021). Colonialismo y educación médica: ¿educare o educere? [Colonialism and medical education: educare or educere?]. Boletin medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico, 78(4), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.24875/BMHIM.20000234
Xia, Q., Chiu, T. K., Lee, M., Sanusi, I. T., Dai, Y., & Chai, C. S. (2022). A self-determination theory (SDT) design approach for inclusive and diverse artificial intelligence (AI) education. Computers & Education, 189, 104582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104582