Sürdürülebilir Beslenme Kapsamında Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Protein Tüketiminin Değerlendirilmesi ve Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 169 - 182, 03.01.2024

Ezgi Ertal , Pınar Üstündağ , Esranur Memiş , Merve Gör , Fatma Çelik

Öz

Bu araştırmada sürdürülebilir beslenme kapsamında, bitkisel ve hayvansal protein tüketiminin depresyon, anksiyete, stres düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kesitsel türdeki araştırma 225 üniversite öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılara sosyodemografik bilgilerin yer aldığı “Veri Toplama Formu”, “Depresyon-Anksiyete-Stres Ölçeği Kısa Formu”, “Sürdürülebilir ve Sağlıklı Beslenme Davranışları Ölçeği”, “Besin Tüketim Sıklığı” ve “24 Saatlik Geriye Dönük Besin Tüketim Kaydı” formları uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada, ileri depresyon düzeyine sahip bireylerin normal bireylere kıyasla sürdürülebilir ve sağlıklı beslenme davranışları ölçeğinin “sağlıklı ve dengeli beslenme” alt boyutunda, çok ileri düzey depresyon grubuna sahip bireylerin de normal bireylere kıyasla “kalite işaretleri (yöresel ve organik)” ve “hayvan sağlığı” alt boyutlarında daha düşük puana sahip olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Ayrıca, ileri düzeyde strese sahip olanların hafif stresli ve normal bireylere kıyasla “yerel gıda” alt boyutu puanları daha düşüktür (p<0.05). Süt grubu tüketiminin depresyon, anksiyete ve stres üzerinde önemli bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır (p>0.05). Her gün balık tüketimi olanların daha seyrek balık tüketimi olanlara ve/veya hiç balık tüketmeyenlere kıyasla depresyon, anksiyete ve stres puanlarının daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Bitkisel protein kaynaklarından nohutu ayda bir kez tüketenlerin, haftada 4-6 kez tüketenlere kıyasla daha yüksek depresyon puanı olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak, ileri depresyon ve stres düzeyine sahip bireylerin normal bireylere kıyasla çeşitli sürdürülebilir ve sağlıklı yeme davranışı alt boyutlarında bilgi düzeylerinin daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Depresyon, anksiyete ve stresin azaltılmasında hayvansal kaynaklı proteinler içerisinde balığın, bitkisel kaynaklı proteinler içerisinde ise nohutun depresyonun azaltılmasında etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Hem depresyonun önlenmesi hem de sürdürülebilir beslenmenin önemi göz önüne alındığında, balık ve kurubaklagillerin yeterli tüketiminin teşvik edilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bitkisel protein, depresyon, hayvansal protein, sürdürülebilirlik, stres

Etik Beyan

Araştırmaya başlamadan önce, Biruni Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan 24.06.2022 tarih ve 2022/71-11 karar numarası ile etik onay alınmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Araştırma, TÜBİTAK 2209-A - Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

1919B012111692

Evaluation of plant and animal protein consumption within the scope of sustainable nutrition and its relationship with depression, anxiety and stress

Öz

In recent years, levels of depression, anxiety, and stress have increased in young adults. It is thought that diet affects depression levels. In the literature, studies evaluating the effects of plant or animal protein on depression, anxiety and stress are insufficient. In addition, this subject is also interesting in terms of the concept of sustainable nutrition, which has attracted attention in recent years. In the study, it was aimed to evaluate the effect of plant and animal protein on depression, anxiety and stress within the scope of sustainable nutrition. The cross-sectional study was conducted with n=225 university students. The "Data Collection Form", which includes sociodemographic information, "Depression-Anxiety-Stress Short Form", "Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale", "Food Consumption Frequency" and "24-Hour Retrospective Food Consumption Record" forms were applied. Individuals with severe depression, anxiety, and stress levels had a lower sustainable and healthy eating behavior score (p<0.05). Dairy consumption did not have a significant effect on depression, anxiety and stress (p>0.05). As turkey consumption becomes more frequent, stress score decreases and fish consumption becomes more frequent, depression, anxiety and stress scores decrease (p<0.05). Depression scores were lower in those who consumed chickpeas and dry beans from plant-based protein sources more frequently (p<0.05).
In conclusion, individuals with severe depression, anxiety and stress levels have lower levels of knowledge of sustainable eating behavior. In addition to animal proteins such as fish and turkey, plant-based proteins such as dry beans and chickpeas are also effective in reducing depression. Considering the importance of sustainable nutrition, as well as for the prevention of depression, stress and anxiety, it is recommended to encourage adequate consumption of legumes, which are an important plant-based protein source.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plant protein, depression, animal protein, sustainability, stress

Proje Numarası

1919B012111692

Kaynakça

• World Health Organization. (‎2017)‎. Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Olfson, M., Druss, B. G., & Marcus, S. C. (2015). Trends in mental health care among children and adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine, 372(21), 2029–2038. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1413512 Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015). The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0116820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116820
• Beyhan, Y., & Taş, V. (2019). Mental Sağlık ve Beslenme. Zeugma Health Res, 1(1), 31-36. https://sbf.hku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Mental-Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k-ve-Beslenme.pdf
• Smith, K. J., Sanderson, K., McNaughton, S. A., Gall, S. L., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. J. (2014). Longitudinal associations between fish consumption and depression in young adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 179(10), 1228-1235. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu050
• Ertal, E. (2021). Covıd-19 salgınında hastanelerde çalışan sağlık personelinin tükenmişlik düzeyi ile beslenme ve uyku alışkanlıkları arasındaki ilişki (Tez No. 669287) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Biruni Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi. http://openaccess.biruni.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12445/1566
• Aucoin, M., LaChance, L., Naidoo, U., Remy, D., Shekdar, T., Sayar, N., Cardozo, V., Rawana, T., Chan, I., & Cooley, K. (2021). Diet and Anxiety: A Scoping Review. Nutrients, 13(12), 4418. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124418
• Anjom-Shoae, J., Sadeghi, O., Keshteli, A.H., Afshar, H., Esmaillzadeh, A. & Adibi, P. (2020). Legume and nut consumption in relation to depression, anxiety and psychological distress in Iranian adults. Eur J Nutr, 59, 3635–3645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02197-1
• Siassi, F., Guilani, B., Azadbakht, L., & Darooghegi Mofrad, M. (2021). The Association of Legume Consumption and Psychological Health among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security, 6(2), 107-115. https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v6i2.6061
• Attia, J., Lai, J.S., Hiles, S., Bisquera, A., Hure, A.J. & McEvoy. M. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary patterns and depression in community- welling adults. Am J Clin Nutr, 99:181–97. http://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.069880.
• Li, Y., Zhang, C., Li, S., & Zhang, D. (2020). Association between dietary protein intake and the risk of depressive symptoms in adults. British Journal of Nutrition, 123, 1290-1301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520000562
• Li, S., Xu, H., Song, X., Li, Z., & Zhang, D. (2018). Exploration of the association between dietary fiber intake and depressive symptoms in adults. Nutrition 54, 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.03.009
• Jacka, F. N., Maes, M., Pasco, J. A., Williams, L. J., & Berk, M. (2012). Nutrient intakes and the common mental disorders in women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.018
• Arroyo, C., Wolfe, A. R., Tedders, S. H., Li, Y., Dai, Q. & Zhang, J. (2011). Dietary protein and protein-rich food in relation to severely depressed mood: A 10 year follow-up of a national cohort. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 35, 232–238. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.11.011
• Akbulut, G. (2016). Tıbbi Beslenme Tedavisinde Güncel Uygulamalar V. (2. Bs.) Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
• Marx, W., Moseley, G., Berk, M., & Jacka, F. (2017). Nutritional psychiatry: the present state of the evidence. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 76(4), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665117002026 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.
• Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., & van Leeuwe, J. F. (2009). Possible pathways between depression, emotional and external eating. A structural equation model. Appetite, 53(2), 245–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.06.001
• Akgöz, H. F., & Yeşilkaya, B. (2021). The relationship between psychiatric disorders and nutrition. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 8(4), 330-336. https://doi.org/10.52880/sagakaderg.849741
• Stonerock, G. L., Hoffman, B. M., Smith, P. J., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2015). Exercise as Treatment for Anxiety: Systematic Review and Analysis. Annals of behavioral medicine: a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 49(4), 542–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-014-9685-9
• Özenoğlu, A. (2018). Duygu Durumu, Besin ve Beslenme İlişkisi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 357-365. https://doi.org/10.31067/0.2018.56
• Martínez-Rodríguez, A., Rubio-Arias, J. Á., Ramos-Campo, D. J., Reche-García, C., Leyva-Vela, B., & Nadal-Nicolás, Y. (2020). Psychological and sleep effects of tryptophan and magnesium-enriched mediterranean diet in women with fibromyalgia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2227. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072227
• Nucci, D., Fatigoni, C., Amerio, A., Odone, A., & Gianfredi, V. (2020). Red and processed meat consumption and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186686
• Daliri EB-M, Oh DH, & Lee BH. Bioactive Peptides. Foods. 2017; 6(5):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6050032 Erdoğmuş, T. N., & Aras, D. (2021). Uyku Öncesi Protein Aliminin Kas Protein Sentezi, Kütlesi ve Kuvveti Üzerine Akut ve Kronik Etkileri. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19 (3), 30-50. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.914142
• Medawar, E., Huhn, S., Villringer, A., & Witte, A. V. (2019). The effects of plant-based diets on the body and the brain: a systematic review. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0552-0
• Daneshzad, E., Keshavarz, S., Qorbani, M., Larijani, B., Bellissimo, N., & Azadbakht, L. (2020). Association of dietary acid load and plant-based diet index with sleep, stress, anxiety and depression in diabetic women. British Journal of Nutrition, 123(8), 901-912. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519003179
• Sheikhi, A., Siassi, F., Djazayery, A., Guilani, B., & Azadbakht, L. (2023). Plant and animal protein intake and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress among Iranian women. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 161. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15100-4
• Keck, M. M., Vivier, H., Cassisi, J. E., Dvorak, R. D., Dunn, M. E., Neer, S. M., & Ross, E. J. (2020). Examining the role of anxiety and depression in dietary choices among college students. Nutrients, 12(7), 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072061
• Askari, M., Daneshzad, E., Darooghegi Mofrad, M., Bellissimo, N., Suitor, K., & Azadbakht, L. (2022). Vegetarian diet and the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(1), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1814991
• Galanakis, C. M. (ed.), (2019). Sustainable Meat Production and Processing. Academic Press, The UK, 259 p.
• Poore, J. & Nemecek, T. (2018). Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science, 360(6392): 987–992. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216
• Clark, B., Stewart, G. B., Panzone, L. A., Kyriazakis, I., & Frewer, L. J. (2017). Citizens, consumers and farm animal welfare: A metaanalysis of willingness-to-pay studies. Food Policy, 68: 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.01.006
• Polat, H., & Tuncel, N. Y. (2021). Sürdürülebilir Et Üretimi. Gıda, 46(1), 134-151. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD20127 Hoekstra, A. Y. (2008). Water neutral: reducing and offsetting the impacts of water footprints, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 28. Delft: UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. https://www.waterfootprint.org/resources/Report28-WaterNeutral.pdf
• Yılmaz, Ö., Boz, H., & Arslan, A. (2017). Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeğinin (DASS 21) Türkçe Kısa Formunun Geçerlilik-Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 78-91. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/fesa/issue/30912/323190
• Pekcan, G. (2008). Beslenme durumunun saptanması. A, Baysal (Ed.), Diyet El Kitabı (13. Baskı, s. 67-142) içinde. Hatiboğlu Yayıncılık.
• Köksal, E., Bilici, S., Çitar Daziroğlu, M. E., & Erdoğan Gövez, N. (2022). Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behaviors Scale. The British Journal of Nutrition, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114522002525
• Miyake, Y., Tanaka, K., Okubo, H., Sasaki, S., Furukawa, S., & Arakawa, M. (2016). Milk intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms in Japan: the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study. Nutrition Research, 36(9), 907-913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.001
• Hockey, M., McGuinness, A. J., Marx, W., Rocks, T., Jacka, F. N., & Ruusunen, A. (2020). Is dairy consumption associated with depressive symptoms or disorders in adults? A systematic review of observational studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60(21), 3653-3668. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1703641
• Li F, Liu X, & Zhang D. (2016). Fish consumption and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health, 70, 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206278
• Nucci, D., Fatigoni, C., Amerio, A., Odone, A., & Gianfredi, V. (2020). Red and processed meat consumption and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186686
• Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Xie, M. S., Ding, X., Li, H., Liu, Z. C., & Peng, S. F. (2017). Is meat consumption associated with depression? A meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 409. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1540-7