Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties

Ahmet Tabak; Şenol Eren; Bilge Doğan; Kemal Volkan Özdokur; Bülent Çağlar

Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties

Abstract

In this study, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) stalk biomass was thermally converted into biochar at 400 and 700 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the influence of pyrolysis temperature on the structural, morphological, chemical, and thermal alterations of the resulting materials was systematically investigated. Comprehensive characterization was performed using XRD, SEM–EDX, ATR–FTIR, and thermal analysis techniques. XRD results demonstrated that the semi-crystalline cellulose I structure of the raw hemp stalk progressively transformed into an amorphous/turbostratic hard-carbon structure with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The disappearance of characteristic cellulose reflections and the emergence of broad (002) and (100) diffraction bands confirmed the development of hard carbon structure consisting of short-range ordered but non-graphitic domains. SEM observations revealed the gradual collapse of the native tubular lignocellulosic structure and the formation of irregular, fragmented and heterogeneous morphology. EDX analysis indicated a significant increase in carbon content from 59.49% in the raw biomass to 92.74% in the 700 °C biochar, accompanied by a substantial reduction in oxygen content, reflecting advanced carbonization and aromatization. ATR–FTIR spectra further confirmed the decomposition of hydroxyl, aliphatic functional groups, and lignocellulosic structural framework together with the progressive formation of aromatic structures. Thermal analysis data demonstrated that increasing pyrolysis temperature markedly enhanced thermal stability and residual carbon content owing to the formation of condensed aromatic carbon matrices. This study demonstrates that pyrolysis temperature is a critical factor governing the structural and thermal properties of hemp-based biochars, and the findings are expected to provide valuable insights for future studies focused on environmental remediation, adsorption applications, and the development of advanced functional carbon materials.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

No

Project Number

No

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because of there was no study on animals or humans

Thanks

No

References

Abidi, N., Cabrales, L., & Haigler, C. H. (2014). Changes in the cell wall and cellulose content of developing cotton fibers investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Carbohydrate Polymers, 100, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.074
Agrebi, F., Ghorbel, N., Bresson, S., Abbas, O., & Kallel, A. (2019). Study of nanocomposites based on cellulose nanoparticles and natural rubber latex by ATR/FTIR spectroscopy: The impact of reinforcement. Polymer Composites, 40(5), 2076-2087. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24989
An, X., Zhu, Z., Luo, X., Chen, C., Liu, T., Zou, L., Li, S., & Liu, Y. (2025). Effects of Raw Materials and Pyrolysis Temperatures on Physicochemical Properties of Biochars Derived from Hemp Stalks. Plants, 14(16), 2564. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14162564
Antil, B., Elkasabi, Y., Strahan, G. D., & Vander Wal, R. L. (2025). Development of graphitic and non-graphitic carbons using different grade biopitch sources. Carbon, 232, 119770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119770
Assirelli, A., Fischetti, E., Scarfone, A., Santangelo, E., Carnevale, M., Paris, E., Palma, A., & Gallucci, F. (2025). Characterization of Hemp Hurd-Derived Biochar for Potential Agricultural Applications. Agronomy, 15(9), 2136. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092136
Atinafu, D. G., Yun, B. Y., Wi, S., Kang, Y., & Kim, S. (2021). A comparative analysis of biochar, activated carbon, expanded graphite, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes with respect to PCM loading and energy-storage capacities. Environmental Research, 195, 110853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110853
Azargohar, R., Nanda, S., Kozinski, J. A., Dalai, A. K., & Sutarto, R. (2014). Effects of temperature on the physicochemical characteristics of fast pyrolysis bio-chars derived from Canadian waste biomass. Fuel, 125, 90-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.083
Bokhari, S. M. Q., Chi, K., & Catchmark, J. M. (2021). Structural and physico-chemical characterization of industrial hemp hurd: Impacts of chemical pretreatments and mechanical refining. Industrial Crops and Products, 171, 113818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113818

Bowornthommatadsana, K., Klangvijit, K., Uwanno, T., Phonyiem Reilly, M., Yordsri, V., Chaiwat, W., Ichikawa, S., Obata, M., Fujishige, M., Takeuchi, K., Wongwiriyapan, W., & Endo, M. (2025). Hemp-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon with an Optimized Pore Structure by NaOH Activation for Supercapacitor Applications. ACS Omega, 10(44), 53596-53611. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.5c10175
Chaowana, P., Hnoocham, W., Chaiprapat, S., Yimlamai, P., Chitbanyong, K., Wanitpinyo, K., Chaisan, T., Paopun, Y., Pisutpiched, S., Khantayanuwong, S., & Puangsin, B. (2024). Utilization of hemp stalk as a potential resource for bioenergy. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 7, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2023.07.001
Chen, C., Sun, K., Huang, C., Yang, M., Fan, M.,Wang, A., Zhang, G., Li, B., Jiang, J., Xu, W., & Liu, J. (2023). Investigation on the mechanism of structural reconstruction of biochars derived from lignin and cellulose during graphitization under high temperature. Biochar, 5(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00229-7
Chen, T., Liu, R., & Scott, N. R. (2016). Characterization of energy carriers obtained from the pyrolysis of white ash, switchgrass and corn stover — Biochar, syngas and bio-oil. Fuel Processing Technology, 142, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.034
Ciolacu, D., Ciolacu, F., & Popa, V. I. (2011). Amorphous cellulose: Structure and characterization. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 45(1-2), 13-21. https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:000288735900002
Clemente, J. S., Beauchemin, S., Thibault, Y., Mackinnon, T., & Smith, D. (2018). Differentiating Inorganics in Biochars Produced at Commercial Scale Using Principal Component Analysis. ACS Omega, 3(6), 6931-6944. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00523
Dai, D., Fan, M., Dai, D., & Fan, M. (2010). Characteristic and Performance of Elementary Hemp Fibre. Materials Sciences and Applications, 1(6), 336-342. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2010.16049
de Almeida, Y. A., de Fatima, I. G., Barreto, L. S., Prudente, I. N. R., & dos Santos, H. C. (2026). Carbon-based materials from renewable sources: Challenges and perspectives with a focus on green coconut. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 101(3), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.70093
Fan, M., Li, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., & Hu, X. (2021). In situ characterization of functional groups of biochar in pyrolysis of cellulose. Science of the Total Environment, 799, 149354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149354
Fernandes, B. C. C., Mendes, K. F., Júnior, A. F. D., Caldeira, V. P. S., Teófilo, T. M. S., Silva, T. S., Mendonça, V., de Freitas Souza, M., & Silva, D. V. (2020). Impact of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Properties of Eucalyptus Wood-Derived Biochar. Materials, 13(24), 5841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245841
Hu, X., Xu, J., Wu, M., Xing, Jianxiong Bi, W., Wang, K., Ma, J., & Liu, X. (2017). Effects of biomass pre-pyrolysis and pyrolysis temperature on magnetic biochar properties. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 127, 196-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.08.006
Husain, Z., Shakeelur Raheman, A. R., Ansari, K. B., Pandit, A. B., Khan, M. S., Qyyum, M. A., & Lam, S. S. (2022). Nano-sized mesoporous biochar derived from biomass pyrolysis as electrochemical energy storage supercapacitor. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 5, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2021.12.003
Kalla, A., Mayilswamy, N., Kandasubramanian, B., & Mahajan- Tatpate, P. (2024). Biochar: a sustainable and an eco-friendly material for energy storage applications. International Journal of Green Energy, 21(7), 1695-1709. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2023.2259973
Kanchanatip, E., Prasertsung, N., Thasnas, N., Grisdanurak, N., & Wantala, K. (2022). Valorization of cannabis waste via hydrothermal carbonization: solid fuel production and characterization. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(39), 90318-90327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24123-0
Keiluweit, M., Nico, P. S., Johnson, M., & Kleber, M. (2010). Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environmental Science and Technology, 44(4), 1247-1253. https://doi.org/10.1021/es9031419
Khandaker, T., Islam, T., Nandi, A., Anik, M. A. A. M., Hossain, M. S., Hasan, M. K., & Hossain, M. S. (2025). Biomass-derived carbon materials for sustainable energy applications: a comprehensive review. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 9(3), 693-723. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01393J
Kim, P., Johnson, A., Edmunds, C. W., Radosevich, M., Vogt, F., Rials, T. G., & Labbé, N. (2011). Surface Functionality and Carbon Structures in Lignocellulosic-Derived Biochars Produced by Fast Pyrolysis. Energy and Fuels, 25(10), 4693-4703. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef200915s
Kim, S. H., Lee, C. M., & Kafle, K. (2013). Characterization of crystalline cellulose in biomass: Basic principles, applications, and limitations of XRD, NMR, IR, Raman, and SFG. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 30(12), 2127-2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-013-0162-0
Kotaiah Naik, D., Monika, K., Prabhakar, S., Parthasarathy, R., & Satyavathi, B. (2017). Pyrolysis of sorghum bagasse biomass into bio-char and bio-oil products A thorough physicochemical characterization. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 127(2), 1277-1289. https://hdl.handle.net/10779/rmit.27499269
Kumar, T., Ansari, S. A., Sawarkar, R., Agashe, A., Singh, L., & Nidheesh, P. V. (2025). Bamboo biochar: a multifunctional material for environmental sustainability. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(22), 28821-28845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-025-06608-3
Lee, J. W., Hawkins, B., Day, D. M., & Reicosky, D. C. (2010). Sustainability: the capacity of smokeless biomass pyrolysis for energy production, global carbon capture and sequestration. Energy & Environmental Science, 3(11), 1695-1705. https://doi.org/10.1039/C004561F
Li, M., Tang, Y., Ren, N., Zhang, Z., & Cao, Y. (2018). Effect of mineral constituents on temperature-dependent structural characterization of carbon fractions in sewage sludge-derived biochar. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3342-3350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.090
Li, S., & Chen, G. (2018). Thermogravimetric, thermochemical, and infrared spectral characterization of feedstocks and biochar derived at different pyrolysis temperatures. Waste Management, 78, 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.048
Li, W., Xu, Y., Wang, G., Xu, T., Wang, K., Zhai, S., & Si, C. (2025). Sustainable Carbon-Based Catalyst Materials Derived From Lignocellulosic Biomass for Energy Storage and Conversion: Atomic Modulation and Properties Improvement. Carbon Energy, 7(5), e708. https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.708
Liu, J., Zhang, C., Tao, B., & Beckerman, J. ( 2023). Revealing the roles of biomass components in the biosorption of heavy metals in wastewater by various chemically treated hemp stalks. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 143, 104701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104701
Luo, Q., Deng, Y., Li, Y., He, Q., Wu, H., & Fang, X. (2024). Effects of pyrolysis temperatures on the structural properties of straw biochar and its adsorption of tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-77299-5
Mahmood, F., Ali, M., Khan, M., Mbeugang, C. F. M., Isa, Y. M., Kozlov, A., Penzik, M., Xie, X., Yang, H., Zhang, S., & Li, B. (2025). A review of biochar production and its employment in synthesizing carbon-based materials for supercapacitors. Industrial Crops and Products, 227, 120830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.120830
Malabadi, R. B., Kolkar, K. P., Chalannavar, R. K., Acharya, M., & Mudigoudra, B. S. (2023). Industrial Cannabis sativa-Hemp: Biochar applications and disadvantages. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 20(1), 371-383. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12180395
Manoj, B., & Kunjomana, A. G. (2012). Study of stacking structure of amorphous carbon by X-ray diffraction technique. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 7(4), 3127-3134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)13940-X
Marrot, L., Candelier, K., Valette, J., Lanvin, C., Horvat, B., Legan, L., & DeVallance, D. B. (2022). Valorization of Hemp Stalk Waste Through Thermochemical Conversion for Energy and Electrical Applications. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 13, 2267-2285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01640-6
Mohanty, P., Nanda, S., Pant, K. K., Naik, S., Kozinski, J. A., & Dalai, A. K. (2013). Evaluation of the physiochemical development of biochars obtained from pyrolysis of wheat straw, timothy grass and pinewood: Effects of heating rate. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 104, 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.05.022
Muigai, H. H., Bordoloi, U., Hussain, R., Ravi, K., Moholkar, V. S., & Kalita, P. (2021). A comparative study on synthesis and characterization of biochars derived from lignocellulosic biomass for their candidacy in agronomy and energy applications. International Journal of Energy Research, 45(3), 4765-4781. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.6092
Naghdi, M., Taheran, M., Brar, S. K., Rouissi, T., Verma, M., Surampalli, R. Y., & Valero, J. R. (2017). A green method for production of nanobiochar by ball milling- optimization and characterization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 164, 1394-1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.084
Nanda, S., Mohanty, P., Pant, K. K., Naik, S., Kozinski, J. A., & Dalai, A. K. (2012). Characterization of North American Lignocellulosic Biomass and Biochars in Terms of their Candidacy for Alternate Renewable Fuels. BioEnergy Research, 6(2), 663-663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9281-4
Nazari, M., Aguilar, M. M., Ghislain, T., & Lavoie, J. M. (2024). Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass waste for production of high-quality biochar: Corn stover and hemp stem case studies. Biomass and Bioenergy, 187, 107302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107302
Pambudi, S., Saechua, W., & Jongyingcharoen, J. S. (2024). A thermogravimetric assessment of eco-friendly biochar from oxidative torrefaction of spent coffee grounds: Combustion behavior, kinetic parameters, and potential emissions. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 33, 103472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103472
Pusceddu, E., Santilli, S. F., Fioravanti, G., Montanaro, A., Miglietta, F., & Foscolo, P. U. (2019). Chemical-physical analysis and exfoliation of biochar-carbon matter: from agriculture soil improver to starting material for advanced nanotechnologies. Materials Research Express, 6(11), 115612. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4ba8
Rajendran, S., Palani, G., Veerasimman, A., Marimuthu, U., Kannan, K., & Shanmugam, V. (2024). Biochar from cashew nut shells: A sustainable reinforcement for enhanced mechanical performance in hemp fibre composites. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 20, 100745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100745
Salem, K. S., Kasera, N. K., Rahman, M. A., Jameel, H., Habibi, Y., Eichhorn, S. J., French, A. D., Pal, L., & Lucia, L. A. (2023). Comparison and assessment of methods for cellulose crystallinity determination. Chemical Society Reviews, 52(18), 6417-6446. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CS00569G
Segal, L., Creely, J. J., Martin, A. E., & Conrad, C. M. (1959). An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-Ray Diffractometer. Textile Research Journal, 29(10), 786-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051755902901003
Shaaban, A., Se, S. M., Dimin, M. F., Juoi, J. M., Mohd Husin, M. H., & Mitan, N. M. M. (2014). Influence of heating temperature and holding time on biochars derived from rubber wood sawdust via slow pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 107, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.01.021
Shaaban, A., Se, S. M., Mitan, N. M. M., & Dimin, M. F. (2013). Characterization of Biochar Derived from Rubber Wood Sawdust through Slow Pyrolysis on Surface Porosities and Functional Groups. Procedia Engineering, 68, 365-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.193
Song, B., Chen, M., Zhao, L., Qiu, H., & Cao, X. (2019). Physicochemical property and colloidal stability of micron- and nano-particle biochar derived from a variety of feedstock sources. Science of The Total Environment, 661, 685-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.193
Srinadh, R. V., & Remya, N. (2024). Congo red removal using microwave assisted pyrolysis derived magnetic hemp hurd biochar. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 212, 321-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2024.11.011
Stevulova, N., Cigasova, J., Estokova, A., Terpakova, E., Geffert, A., Kacik, F., Singovszka, E., & Holub, M. (2014). Properties characterization of chemically modified hemp hurds. Materials, 7(12), 8131-8150. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7128131
Struik, P. C., Amaducci, S., Bullard, M. J., Stutterheim, N. C., Venturi, G., & Cromack, H. T. H. (2000). Agronomy of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Europe. Industrial Crops and Products, 11(2-3), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00048-5.
Su, S., Gao, Y., Zhou, X., Xiong, X., Wang, Y., & Lyu, L. (2022). Structure of Waste Hemp Stalks and Their Sound Absorbing Properties. Polymers, 14(22), 4844. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14224844
Suresh Babu, K. K. B., Nataraj, M., Tayappa, M., Vyas, Y., Mishra, R. K., & Acharya, B. (2024). Production of biochar from waste biomass using slow pyrolysis: Studies of the effect of pyrolysis temperature and holding time on biochar yield and properties. Materials Science for Energy Technologies, 7, 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2024.05.002
Tagliaferro, A., Rovere, M., Padovano, E., Bartoli, M., & Giorcelli, M. (2020). Introducing the Novel Mixed Gaussian-Lorentzian Lineshape in the Analysis of the Raman Signal of Biochar. Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1748. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/9/1748#
Terpáková, E., Kidalová, L., Eštoková, A., Čigášová, J., & Števulová, N. (2012). Chemical Modification of Hemp Shives and their Characterization. Procedia Engineering, 42, 931-941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.486
Voglar, J., Prašnikar, A., Moser, K., Carlon, E., Schwabl, M., & Likozar, B. (2024). Pyrolysis of industrial hemp biomass from contaminated soil phytoremediation: Kinetics, modelling transport phenomena and biochar-based metal reduction. Thermochimica Acta, 742, 179899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2024.179899
Waheed, A., Xu, H., Qiao, X., Aili, A., Yiremaikebayi, Y., Haitao, D., & Muhammad, M. (2025). Biochar in sustainable agriculture and Climate Mitigation: Mechanisms, challenges, and applications in the circular bioeconomy. Biomass and Bioenergy, 193, 107531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107531
Yang, R., Guo, X., Wu, H., Kang, W., Song, K., Li, Y., Huang, X., & Wang, Ge. (2022). Anisotropic hemp-stem-derived biochar supported phase change materials with efficient solar-thermal energy conversion and storage. Biochar. 4(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00162-1
Yang, X., Kwon, E. E., Dou, X., Zhang, M., Kim, K. H., Tsang, D. C. W., & Ok, Y. S. (2018). Fabrication of spherical biochar by a two-step thermal process from waste potato peel. Science of The Total Environment, 626, 478-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.052
Yuan, X., Cao, Y., Li, J., Patel, A. K., Dong, C. D., Jin, X., Gu, C., Yip, A. C. K., Tsang, D. C. W., & Ok, Y. S. (2023). Recent advancements and challenges in emerging applications of biochar-based catalysts. Biotechnology Advances, 67, 108181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108181
Zerin, N. H., Rasul, M. G., Jahirul, M. I., Sayem, A. S. M., Quadir, Z., & Haque, R. (2025). XRD Characterization of Activated Carbons Synthesized from Tyre Pyrolysis Char via KOH Activation. Technologies, 13(12), 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13120565
Zhang, Z., Liu, N., Li, X., Wang, Y., Xiong, Y., Meng, R., Liu, L., & He, S. (2023). Single-step hydrothermal synthesis of biochar from waste industrial hemp stalk core for Pb2+ sorption: Characterization and mechanism studies. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 36, 101316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101316
Zhao, C., Lv, P., Yang, L., Xing, S., Luo, W., & Wang, Z. (2018). Biodiesel synthesis over biochar-based catalyst from biomass waste pomelo peel. Energy Conversion and Management, 160, 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.01.059
Zhou, Z., Xu, Z., Feng, Q., Yao, D., Yu, J., Wang, D., Lv, S., Liu, Y., Zhou, N., & Zhong, M. (2018). Effect of pyrolysis condition on the adsorption mechanism of lead, cadmium and copper on tobacco stem biochar. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 996-1005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.268

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Nanochemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ahmet Tabak ^*
0000-0003-2565-0424
Türkiye

Şenol Eren
0009-0006-0733-1605
Türkiye

Bilge Doğan
0000-0001-7552-3461
Türkiye

Kemal Volkan Özdokur
0000-0002-9540-7203
Türkiye

Bülent Çağlar
0000-0002-6087-3685
Türkiye

Publication Date

May 31, 2026

Submission Date

May 6, 2026

Acceptance Date

May 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 1 Number: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Tabak, A., Eren, Ş., Doğan, B., Özdokur, K. V., & Çağlar, B. (2026). Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties. Journal of Hemp Research, 1(1), 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM

AMA

1.Tabak A, Eren Ş, Doğan B, Özdokur KV, Çağlar B. Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties. JoHR. 2026;1(1):1-12. https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM

Chicago

Tabak, Ahmet, Şenol Eren, Bilge Doğan, Kemal Volkan Özdokur, and Bülent Çağlar. 2026. “Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties”. Journal of Hemp Research 1 (1): 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM.

EndNote

Tabak A, Eren Ş, Doğan B, Özdokur KV, Çağlar B (May 1, 2026) Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties. Journal of Hemp Research 1 1 1–12.

IEEE

[1]A. Tabak, Ş. Eren, B. Doğan, K. V. Özdokur, and B. Çağlar, “Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties”, JoHR, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–12, May 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM

ISNAD

Tabak, Ahmet - Eren, Şenol - Doğan, Bilge - Özdokur, Kemal Volkan - Çağlar, Bülent. “Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties”. Journal of Hemp Research 1/1 (May 1, 2026): 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM.

JAMA

1.Tabak A, Eren Ş, Doğan B, Özdokur KV, Çağlar B. Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties. JoHR. 2026;1:1–12.

MLA

Tabak, Ahmet, et al. “Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties”. Journal of Hemp Research, vol. 1, no. 1, May 2026, pp. 1-12, https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM.

Vancouver

1.Ahmet Tabak, Şenol Eren, Bilge Doğan, Kemal Volkan Özdokur, Bülent Çağlar. Temperature-Dependent Carbonization of Hemp Stalk-Derived Biochars: Structural, Morphological and Thermal Properties. JoHR [Internet]. 2026 May 1;1(1):1-12. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA37NP76ZM