Research Article

Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis

Volume: 8 Number: 5 September 16, 2025
TR EN

Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis

Abstract

Aims: To determine the prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions in children and adolescents and to evaluate, through a multifactorial approach, the associations between these malocclusions and mesiodistal dimension loss, presence of dental caries, missing teeth, oral hygiene habits, and dietary behaviors. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 1092 children aged 4-15 years. Participants were stratified into age groups, and clinical examinations were performed to assess malocclusion type, number of missing and decayed teeth, oral hygiene indices (Gingival Index and Plaque Index), as well as individual oral hygiene and dietary habits. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Depending on the data type and distribution, Chi-square tests with Bonferroni correction, two-proportion Z tests, ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD, Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni-adjusted Dunn, and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions increased significantly with age, being most common in the 10-12 and 13-15 age groups (p<0.001). All malocclusion types were significantly more prevalent among individuals with mesiodistal dimension loss, with class IV malocclusion observed exclusively in this group (p<0.001). Children with class II malocclusion had the highest mean number of missing teeth, which was significantly greater than those with no malocclusion (p<0.001). Similarly, the mean number of decayed teeth was significantly higher in class II and class III groups compared to those without malocclusion (p<0.001 and p=0.042, respectively). Oral hygiene and dietary habits were also significantly associated with malocclusion types. Lower tooth brushing frequency, lack of interdental cleaning, and higher consumption of acidic and sugary foods were more common among those with malocclusion (p<0.001). Additionally, poor oral hygiene and diet were strongly correlated with increased rates of caries (p<0.001) and missing teeth (p<0.05). Conclusion: Orthodontic malocclusions increase progressively with age and are significantly associated with dental caries, tooth loss, inadequate oral hygiene, and unhealthy dietary habits. The implementation of multidisciplinary oral health strategies at an early age may be effective in reducing the incidence of both orthodontic anomalies and dental caries.

Keywords

References

  1. Salim NA, Alamoush RA, Al-Abdallah MM, Al-Asmar AA, Satterthwaite JD. Relationship between dental caries, oral hygiene, and malocclusion among Syrian refugee children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):629. doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01993-3
  2. De Ridder L, Aleksieva A, Willems G, Declerck D, Cadenas de Llano-Pérula M. Prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions in healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(12):7446. doi:10.3390/ijerph19127446
  3. Londono J, Ghasemi S, Moghaddasi N, et al. Prevalence of malocclusion in Turkish children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2023;9(4):689-700. doi:10.1002/cre2.771
  4. Adanero A, Baquero L, Berasategui M, et al. Oral health status of 6- to 12-year-old children in Madrid, Spain: a cross-sectional study. Heliyon. 2022;8(6):e09557. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09557
  5. Singh A, Purohit B. Is malocclusion associated with dental caries among children and adolescents in the permanent dentition? A systematic review. Community Dent Health. 2021;38(3):172-177. doi:10.1922/CDH_ 00340Singh06
  6. Shakti P, Singh A, Purohit BM, Purohit A, Taneja S. Effect of premature loss of primary teeth on prevalence of malocclusion in permanent dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthod. 2023;21(4): 100816. doi:10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100816
  7. Costa AMG, Trevizan M, Matsumoto MAN, et al. Association between tooth agenesis and skeletal malocclusions. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2017; 8(2):e3. doi:10.5037/jomr.2017.8203
  8. Warkhandkar A, Habib L. Effects of premature primary tooth loss on midline deviation and asymmetric molar relationship in the context of orthodontic treatment. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e42442. doi:10.7759/cureus. 42442

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Paedodontics, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 16, 2025

Submission Date

August 7, 2025

Acceptance Date

August 26, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 5

APA
Akbulut, Y., & Akgün, S. E. (2025). Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine, 8(5), 889-895. https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1760149
AMA
1.Akbulut Y, Akgün SE. Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2025;8(5):889-895. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1760149
Chicago
Akbulut, Yasin, and Semih Ercan Akgün. 2025. “Prevalence and Determinants of Orthodontic Malocclusions in Children: A Multifactorial Analysis”. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine 8 (5): 889-95. https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1760149.
EndNote
Akbulut Y, Akgün SE (September 1, 2025) Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine 8 5 889–895.
IEEE
[1]Y. Akbulut and S. E. Akgün, “Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis”, J Health Sci Med / JHSM, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 889–895, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.32322/jhsm.1760149.
ISNAD
Akbulut, Yasin - Akgün, Semih Ercan. “Prevalence and Determinants of Orthodontic Malocclusions in Children: A Multifactorial Analysis”. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine 8/5 (September 1, 2025): 889-895. https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1760149.
JAMA
1.Akbulut Y, Akgün SE. Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2025;8:889–895.
MLA
Akbulut, Yasin, and Semih Ercan Akgün. “Prevalence and Determinants of Orthodontic Malocclusions in Children: A Multifactorial Analysis”. Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine, vol. 8, no. 5, Sept. 2025, pp. 889-95, doi:10.32322/jhsm.1760149.
Vancouver
1.Yasin Akbulut, Semih Ercan Akgün. Prevalence and determinants of orthodontic malocclusions in children: a multifactorial analysis. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2025 Sep. 1;8(5):889-95. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1760149

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS].

The Directories (indexes) and Platforms we are included in are at the bottom of the page.

Note: Our journal is not WOS indexed and therefore is not classified as Q.

You can download Council of Higher Education (CoHG) [Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK)] Criteria) decisions about predatory/questionable journals and the author's clarification text and journal charge policy from your browser. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show







The indexes of the journal are ULAKBİM TR Dizin, ICI World of Journals, DOAJ, Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact Factor, ASOS Index, WorldCat (OCLC), MIAR, OpenAIRE, Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index, Scilit, etc.

       images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRB9r6zRLDl0Pz7om2DQkiTQXqDtuq64Eb1Qg&usqp=CAU

500px-WorldCat_logo.svg.png

atifdizini.png

logo_world_of_journals_no_margin.png

images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTNpvUjQ4Ffc6uQBqMQrqYMR53c7bRqD9rohCINkko0Y1a_hPSn&usqp=CAU

doaj.png  

images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpOQFsFv3RdX0lIQJC3SwkFIA-CceHin_ujli_JrqBy3A32A_Tx_oMoIZn96EcrpLwTQg&usqp=CAU

ici2.png

asos-index.png

drji.png





The platforms of the journal are Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, Open Access, COPE, ICMJE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, etc.

COPE-logo-300x199.jpgimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcQR6_qdgvxMP9owgnYzJ1M6CS_XzR_d7orTjA&usqp=CAU

icmje_1_orig.png

cc.logo.large.png

ncbi.pngimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcRBcJw8ia8S9TI4Fun5vj3HPzEcEKIvF_jtnw&usqp=CAU

ORCID_logo.png

1*mvsP194Golg0Dmo2rjJ-oQ.jpeg


Our Journal using the DergiPark system indexed are;

Ulakbim TR Dizin,  Index Copernicus, ICI World of JournalsDirectory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact FactorASOS Index, OpenAIRE, MIAR,  EuroPub, WorldCat (OCLC)DOAJ,  Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index


Our Journal using the DergiPark system platforms are;

Google, Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, ICJME, COPE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, Open Access, and etc.


Journal articles are evaluated as "Double-Blind Peer Review". 

Our journal has adopted the Open Access Policy and articles in JHSM are Open Access and fully comply with Open Access instructions. All articles in the system can be accessed and read without a journal user.  https//dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/9535

Journal charge policy   https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/10912

Our journal has been indexed in DOAJ as of May 18, 2020.

Our journal has been indexed in TR-Dizin as of March 12, 2021.


17873

Articles published in Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine have open access and are licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.