Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Hematoloji polikliniğinde HIV tanısı alan hastaların ilk klinik ve laboratuvar bulguları: retrospektif bir analiz

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 14 - 18, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1783841

Abstract

Giriş: İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsü (HIV) enfeksiyonu sıklıkla özgül olmayan klinik semptomlarla ortaya çıkar ve bu durum tanıda gecikmelere yol açabilir. Hematoloji poliklinikleri dâhil olmak üzere ayaktan başvurularda bu bulguların erken tanınması, zamanında müdahale açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.
Amaç: Hematoloji polikliniğinde ilk kez tanı alan HIV hastalarının tanı anındaki klinik ve laboratuvar özelliklerini değerlendirmek.
Yöntem: Bu tek merkezli retrospektif çalışmaya, Ocak 2023 ile Temmuz 2025 arasında üçüncü basamak bir merkezin hematoloji polikliniğinde HIV tanısı alan 23 hasta dâhil edildi. Demografik özellikler, başvuru semptomları, fırsatçı enfeksiyonlar ve başlangıç laboratuvar parametreleri (CD4 sayısı ve HIV RNA düzeyi dâhil) kaydedildi. Geç başvuru, tanı anında CD4 <350 hücre/µL veya AIDS tanımlayıcı bir durum varlığı olarak tanımlandı; ileri HIV hastalığı ise CD4 <200 hücre/µL olarak kabul edildi. “Yüksek viral yük” HIV RNA >100.000 kopya/mL şeklinde tanımlandı.
Bulgular: Ortanca yaş 51 yıl (aralık: 22–69) olup, hastaların %87’si erkekti. En sık başvuru bulguları lenfadenopati (%56,5; 13/23) ve kilo kaybı (%47,8; 11/23) idi. Tanı anında 23 hastanın 10’unda (%43,5) sitopeni mevcuttu. Özel olarak 3 hastada (%13,0) anemi, 6 hastada (%26,0) lökopeni ve 6 hastada (%26,0) trombositopeni izlendi. İki hastada (%8,7) pansitopeni vardı. Splenomegali 8 hastada (%34,7) gözlendi. Tanı anındaki fırsatçı enfeksiyonlar arasında oral kandidiyazis (n=1), BAL PCR ile doğrulanan CMV pnömonisi (n=1), BOS PCR ile doğrulanan CMV ensefaliti (n=1) ve dissemine herpes zoster (n=1) yer aldı. İki hastada eş zamanlı sifiliz koinfeksiyonu saptandı. Ayrıca, HIV tespit edildiğinde 2 hastada hematolojik malignite vardı (biri agresif B-hücreli lenfoma olan diffüz büyük B hücreli lenfoma, diğeri AML). Ortanca CD4 sayısı 214 hücre/µL (aralık: 35–901; IQR: 124–356) olup, 23 hastanın 22’sinde (%95,6) HIV RNA >100.000 kopya/mL idi. Ortalama hemoglobin 12,36 g/dL (±2,91), ortalama lökosit 6,02×10³/µL (±3,55) ve ortalama trombosit sayısı 183,87×10³/µL (±91,28) bulundu. Genel olarak, 17 hasta (%73,9) geç başvuran ve 11 hasta (%47,8) ileri HIV hastalığı kategorisindeydi.
Sonuç: Hematoloji polikliniklerinde HIV tanısı alan hastaların büyük bölümü sitopeniler ve yaygın lenfadenopati ile başvurmakta olup, çoğu ileri evrede saptanmaktadır. Küçük hasta sayısı ve tek merkezli retrospektif tasarım nedeniyle bu tanımlayıcı bulgular dikkatle yorumlanmalıdır. Bununla birlikte, açıklanamayan sitopeni ve lenfadenopati varlığında hematologların rutin HIV testini gündeme getirmesi, tanının daha erken konmasına ve klinik sonuçların iyileştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Ethical Statement

Etik onay ve katılım onamları: Çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi (1964) ve sonraki değişikliklerinin ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Etlik Şehir Hastanesi Etik Kurulu'ndan onay alınmıştır (Onay numarası: AEŞH-BADEK1-2025-425, tarih: 27 Ağustos 2025). Retrospektif tasarım ve anonimleştirilmiş verilerin kullanımı göz önüne alındığında, kurul tarafından bilgilendirilmiş onam şartından feragat edilmiştir. Yayın onayı: Uygulanamaz (bu makalede tanımlayıcı görüntü veya kişisel bilgi bulunmamaktadır).

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu araştırma için kamu, ticari veya kâr amacı gütmeyen sektörlerdeki herhangi bir fon kuruluşundan özel bir hibe almamışlardır.

Thanks

Yazarlar, hasta kayıtlarına erişimde sağladıkları yardımlar için Etlik Şehir Hastanesi Hematoloji Bölümü klinik personeline teşekkürlerini sunarlar.

References

  • GBD 2017 HIV Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. Lancet HIV. 2019;6:831-59. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1
  • Shi X, Sims MD, Hanna MM, et al. Neutropenia during HIV infection: adverse consequences and remedies. Int Rev Immunol. 2014;33:511-36. doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.893301
  • Hessol NA, Whittemore H, Vittinghoff E, et al. Incidence of first and second primary cancers diagnosed among people with HIV, 1985-2013: a population-based, registry linkage study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e647-e655. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30179-6
  • Richey LE, Halperin J. Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345:136-42. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31825d4b88
  • Cohen MS, Gay CL, Busch MP, Hecht FM. The detection of acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(2):270-7. doi:10.1086/655651
  • Opie J, Verburgh E, Bailly J, Mayne E, Louw V. Hematological complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: an update from an HIV-endemic setting. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11: ofae162. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae162
  • Antinori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, et al. Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition. HIV Med. 2011;12(1):61-64. doi:10.11 11/j.1468-1293.2010.00857.x
  • Korkmaz N, Şentürk GÇ, Şibar EG, Civelek Eser F, Duman Z. Geç tanı ile başvuran HIV ile yaşayan bireylerdeki risk faktörleri ve fırsatçı infeksiyonların epidemiyolojisi: 10 yıllık deneyimimiz. Flora. 2022;27: 268-75. doi:10.5578/flora.20229810
  • Binquet C, Saillour F, Bernard N, et al. Prognostic factors of survival of HIV-infected patients with cytomegalovirus disease: Aquitaine Cohort, 1986-1997. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16:425-32. doi:10.1023/a:10076275089 18
  • Durandt C, Potgieter JC, Mellet J, et al. HIV and haematopoiesis. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(8b):40-5. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i8b.13829
  • Phillips L, Opie J. The utility of bone marrow sampling in the diagnosis and staging of lymphoma in South Africa. Int J Lab Hematol. 2018;40: 276-83. doi:10.1111/ijlh.12782
  • Wiggill T, Mayne E, Perner Y, Vaughan J. Changing patterns of lymphoma in the antiretroviral therapy era in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;88:252-60. doi:10.1097/QAI. 0000000000002768
  • Chapuy B, Stewart C, Dunford AJ, et al. Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes. Nat Med. 2018;24(5):679-90. doi:10.1038/s 41591-018-0016-8
  • Ada G, Yalçın C, Orhan B, et al. HIV related primary central nervous system lymphoma: case study. Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine. (2021);3:77-78. doi:10.46310/tjim.876945
  • Forghieri F, Nasillo V, Bettelli F, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in patients living with HIV infection: several questions, fewer answers. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1081. doi:10.3390/ijms21031081.
  • Fang RC, Aboulafia DM. HIV infection and myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia. In: Hentrich M, Barta SK, eds. HIV-Associated Haematological Malignancies. 2016:133-44. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-2685 7-6-10

Initial clinical and laboratory findings of patients diagnosed with HIV in a hematology outpatient clinic: a retrospective analysis

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 14 - 18, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1783841

Abstract

Aims: To assess the clinical and laboratory characteristics at the time of HIV diagnosis in patients first identified in a hematology outpatient clinic.
Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 23 patients diagnosed with HIV in the hematology outpatient clinic of a tertiary center between January 2023 and July 2025. Demographic characteristics, presenting symptoms, opportunistic infections, and initial laboratory parameters-including CD4 counts and HIV RNA levels-were recorded. Late presentation was defined a priori as CD4<350 cells/µL or an AIDS defining condition at diagnosis; advanced HIV disease as CD4<200 cells/µL. “High viral burden” was defined as HIV RNA>100,000 copies/ml.
Results: The median age was 51 years (range: 22-69), and 87% were male. The most common presenting findings were lymphadenopathy (56.5%;13/23) and weight loss (47.8%;11/23). Among 23 patients, 10 (43.5%) had cytopenias at diagnosis. Specifically, anemia was observed in 3 patients (13.0%), leukopenia in 6 patients (26.0%), and thrombocytopenia in 6 patients (26.0%). Pancytopenia was present in 2 patients (8.7%). Splenomegaly was observed in 8 patients (34.7%). Opportunistic infections at diagnosis included oral candidiasis (n=1), CMV pneumonia confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) PCR (polymerase chain reaction) (n=1), CMV encephalitis confirmed by CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) PCR (n=1), and disseminated herpes zoster (n=1). Two patients were diagnosed with syphilis (co-infection) at presentation. Two patients had concurrent hematologic malignancies (one aggressive B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and one acute myeloid leukemia) at the time of HIV detection. The median CD4 count was 214 cells/µL (range: 35-901; IQR: 124-356), and 22/23 (95.6%) had HIV RNA>100,000 copies/ml. Mean hemoglobin was 12.36 g/dl (±2.91); mean WBC 6.02×103/µL (±3.55); mean platelet count
183.87×103/µL (±91.28). Overall, 17 patients (73.9%) were late presenters, and 11 (47.8%) had advanced HIV disease.
Conclusion: Most patients diagnosed with HIV in hematology clinics present with cytopenias and generalized lymphadenopathy, often at advanced stages. Given the small, single-center retrospective design, these descriptive findings should be interpreted cautiously; nonetheless, raising awareness among hematologists to routinely consider HIV testing in patients with unexplained cytopenias and lymphadenopathy may facilitate earlier diagnosis and improve clinical outcomes.

Ethical Statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments. Approval was obtained from the Etlik City Hospital Ethics Committee (Approval number: AEŞH-BADEK1-2025-425, dated 27 August 2025). Given the retrospective design and use of anonymized data, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the committee. Consent for publication: Not applicable (no identifying images or personal details are included in this article).

Supporting Institution

The authors received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors for this research.

Thanks

The authors thank the clinical staff of the Hematology Department at Etlik City Hospital for their assistance in accessing patient records.

References

  • GBD 2017 HIV Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. Lancet HIV. 2019;6:831-59. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1
  • Shi X, Sims MD, Hanna MM, et al. Neutropenia during HIV infection: adverse consequences and remedies. Int Rev Immunol. 2014;33:511-36. doi:10.3109/08830185.2014.893301
  • Hessol NA, Whittemore H, Vittinghoff E, et al. Incidence of first and second primary cancers diagnosed among people with HIV, 1985-2013: a population-based, registry linkage study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5:e647-e655. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30179-6
  • Richey LE, Halperin J. Acute human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345:136-42. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31825d4b88
  • Cohen MS, Gay CL, Busch MP, Hecht FM. The detection of acute HIV infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(2):270-7. doi:10.1086/655651
  • Opie J, Verburgh E, Bailly J, Mayne E, Louw V. Hematological complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: an update from an HIV-endemic setting. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11: ofae162. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae162
  • Antinori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, et al. Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition. HIV Med. 2011;12(1):61-64. doi:10.11 11/j.1468-1293.2010.00857.x
  • Korkmaz N, Şentürk GÇ, Şibar EG, Civelek Eser F, Duman Z. Geç tanı ile başvuran HIV ile yaşayan bireylerdeki risk faktörleri ve fırsatçı infeksiyonların epidemiyolojisi: 10 yıllık deneyimimiz. Flora. 2022;27: 268-75. doi:10.5578/flora.20229810
  • Binquet C, Saillour F, Bernard N, et al. Prognostic factors of survival of HIV-infected patients with cytomegalovirus disease: Aquitaine Cohort, 1986-1997. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16:425-32. doi:10.1023/a:10076275089 18
  • Durandt C, Potgieter JC, Mellet J, et al. HIV and haematopoiesis. S Afr Med J. 2019;109(8b):40-5. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i8b.13829
  • Phillips L, Opie J. The utility of bone marrow sampling in the diagnosis and staging of lymphoma in South Africa. Int J Lab Hematol. 2018;40: 276-83. doi:10.1111/ijlh.12782
  • Wiggill T, Mayne E, Perner Y, Vaughan J. Changing patterns of lymphoma in the antiretroviral therapy era in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;88:252-60. doi:10.1097/QAI. 0000000000002768
  • Chapuy B, Stewart C, Dunford AJ, et al. Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are associated with distinct pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes. Nat Med. 2018;24(5):679-90. doi:10.1038/s 41591-018-0016-8
  • Ada G, Yalçın C, Orhan B, et al. HIV related primary central nervous system lymphoma: case study. Turkish Journal of Internal Medicine. (2021);3:77-78. doi:10.46310/tjim.876945
  • Forghieri F, Nasillo V, Bettelli F, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in patients living with HIV infection: several questions, fewer answers. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:1081. doi:10.3390/ijms21031081.
  • Fang RC, Aboulafia DM. HIV infection and myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia. In: Hentrich M, Barta SK, eds. HIV-Associated Haematological Malignancies. 2016:133-44. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-2685 7-6-10
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Haematological Tumours, Medical Infection Agents
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sema Seçilmiş 0000-0003-2957-2339

Birgül Ay Karakuş 0000-0002-2051-9016

Semanur Karakuzi 0000-0001-6496-1773

Göknur Yapar Toros 0000-0001-8256-0666

Gönül Çiçek Şentürk 0000-0001-7959-3125

Kadir Acar 0000-0002-8835-2689

Ahmet Kürşad Güneş 0000-0001-5522-8342

Submission Date September 15, 2025
Acceptance Date November 4, 2025
Publication Date January 5, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Seçilmiş S, Ay Karakuş B, Karakuzi S, et al. Initial clinical and laboratory findings of patients diagnosed with HIV in a hematology outpatient clinic: a retrospective analysis. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. January 2026;9(1):14-18. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1783841

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS].

The Directories (indexes) and Platforms we are included in are at the bottom of the page.

Note: Our journal is not WOS indexed and therefore is not classified as Q.

You can download Council of Higher Education (CoHG) [Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK)] Criteria) decisions about predatory/questionable journals and the author's clarification text and journal charge policy from your browser. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show







The indexes of the journal are ULAKBİM TR Dizin, ICI World of Journals, DOAJ, Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact Factor, ASOS Index, WorldCat (OCLC), MIAR, OpenAIRE, Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index, Scilit, etc.

       images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRB9r6zRLDl0Pz7om2DQkiTQXqDtuq64Eb1Qg&usqp=CAU

500px-WorldCat_logo.svg.png

atifdizini.png

logo_world_of_journals_no_margin.png

images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTNpvUjQ4Ffc6uQBqMQrqYMR53c7bRqD9rohCINkko0Y1a_hPSn&usqp=CAU

doaj.png  

images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpOQFsFv3RdX0lIQJC3SwkFIA-CceHin_ujli_JrqBy3A32A_Tx_oMoIZn96EcrpLwTQg&usqp=CAU

ici2.png

asos-index.png

drji.png





The platforms of the journal are Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, Open Access, COPE, ICMJE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, etc.

COPE-logo-300x199.jpgimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcQR6_qdgvxMP9owgnYzJ1M6CS_XzR_d7orTjA&usqp=CAU

icmje_1_orig.png

cc.logo.large.png

ncbi.pngimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcRBcJw8ia8S9TI4Fun5vj3HPzEcEKIvF_jtnw&usqp=CAU

ORCID_logo.png

1*mvsP194Golg0Dmo2rjJ-oQ.jpeg


Our Journal using the DergiPark system indexed are;

Ulakbim TR Dizin,  Index Copernicus, ICI World of JournalsDirectory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact FactorASOS Index, OpenAIRE, MIAR,  EuroPub, WorldCat (OCLC)DOAJ,  Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index


Our Journal using the DergiPark system platforms are;

Google, Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, ICJME, COPE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, Open Access, and etc.


Journal articles are evaluated as "Double-Blind Peer Review". 

Our journal has adopted the Open Access Policy and articles in JHSM are Open Access and fully comply with Open Access instructions. All articles in the system can be accessed and read without a journal user.  https//dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/9535

Journal charge policy   https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/10912

Our journal has been indexed in DOAJ as of May 18, 2020.

Our journal has been indexed in TR-Dizin as of March 12, 2021.


17873

Articles published in Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine have open access and are licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.