Research Article
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Comparison of the lactate-to-albumin ratio, Shock index, and injury severity score for predicting in-hospital mortality among trauma patients presenting to the emergency department: a retrospective study

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 26 - 31, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1799259

Abstract

Aims: Rapid and accurate risk stratification is vital in trauma care. This study compared the prognostic performance of the lactate-to-albumin ratio (LAR), the Shock Index (SI), and the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in predicting in-hospital mortality among adult trauma patients presenting to the emergency department (ED).
Methods: Single-center retrospective cohort of consecutive adult (≥18 years) trauma presentations to a tertiary ED (January 2022–January 2025). Cases with missing core variables were excluded. Discrimination for ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital mortality was quantified by area under the ROC curve (AUC) with 95% CIs and compared pairwise using DeLong tests. Youden-optimized thresholds were summarized with positive/negative likelihood ratios, predictive values, and Youden’s J. In-hospital mortality associations were examined using univariable and prespecified multivariable logistic regression.
Results: A total of 4.942 patients were included, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 3.1%. The ISS consistently performed better than the SI and the LAR. For intensive care unit (ICU) admission, the AUCs were 0.943 for ISS, 0.829 for SI, and 0.801 for LAR. For the need for mechanical ventilation, the AUCs were 0.938 for ISS, 0.813 for SI, and 0.788 for LAR. For in-hospital mortality, the AUCs were 0.851 for ISS, 0.763 for LAR, and 0.757 for SI. DeLong tests showed that ISS was significantly superior to both SI and LAR in predicting in-hospital mortality (p<0.001). LAR and SI performed similarly (p=0.824).
Conclusion: The ISS was the strongest predictor of ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital mortality. The SI and LAR may provide valuable early information through rapid bedside assessment, supporting a stepwise approach in trauma management within the ED.

Ethical Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital (Approval No. 2025/13/32).

Supporting Institution

No

Thanks

No

References

  • World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2021. Geneva WHO 2024.
  • Beştemir A, Aydın H. 300 million patient examinations per year: evaluation of emergency and polyclinic services of 2nd and 3rd stage public health facilities in Turkey. Sakarya Med J. 2022;12(3):496-502. doi:10.31832/smj.1128439
  • Beştemir A, Aydın H, Tuncar A. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency surgical operations in state hospitals in Turkey: a retrospective and descriptive study. Eurasian J Emerg Med. 2023;22(1): 34-40. doi:10.4274/eajem.galenos.2023.68542
  • Orhon R, Eren SH, Karadayı S, et al. Comparison of trauma scores for predicting mortality and morbidity on trauma patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2014;20(4):258-264. doi:10.5505/tjtes.2014.22725
  • Hosseinpour R, Barghi A, Mehrabi S, Salaminia S, Tobeh P. Prognosis of the trauma patients according to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): a diagnostic accuracy study. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2020;8(3):148-155. doi:10.30476/BEAT.2020.84613
  • Vang M, Østberg M, Steinmetz J, Rasmussen LS. Shock index as a predictor for mortality in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(4):2559-2566. doi:10.1007/s00068-021-01827-0
  • Li X, Yang Y, Zhang B, et al. Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):305. doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01151-3
  • Peretz DI, Scott HM, Duff J, Dossetor JB, MacLean LD, McGregor M. The significance of lacticacidemia in the shock syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965;119(3):1133-1141. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb54038.x
  • Abramson D, Scalea TM, Hitchcock R, Trooskin SZ, Henry SM, Greenspan J. Lactate clearance and survival following injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 1993;35(4):584-589. doi:10.1097/00005373-199310000-00015
  • Eckart A, Struja T, Kutz A, et al. Relationship of nutritional status, inflammation, and serum albumin levels during acute illness: a prospective study. Am J Med. 2020;133(6):713-722. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed. 2019.10.031
  • McClain CJ, Hennig B, Ott LG, Goldblum S, Young AB. Mechanisms and implications of hypoalbuminemia in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(3):386-392. doi:10.3171/jns.1988.69.3.0386
  • Arslan K, Sahin AS. Lactate, lactate clearance, and lactate-to-albumin ratio in predicting mortality in patients with critical polytrauma: a retrospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103(49):e40704. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040704
  • Zhao X, Yao L. The predictive value of the lactate/albumin ratio combined with APACHE II and injury severity score for short-term prognosis in patients with polytrauma. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):804. doi:10.1186/s40001-025-01925-9
  • Wang G, Liu J, Xu R, Fu Y, Liu X. Lactate/albumin ratio as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in critically ill children. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1): 725. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03661-w
  • Aydın H, Doğan H, Özüçelik DN, Koçak M, Gül OA. Viral prevalence, clinical profiles and comparison of severity scores for predicting the mortality of adults with severe acute respiratory infections. Turk J Med Sci. 2019;49(3):860-871. doi:10.3906/sag-1812-68
  • Ringdal KG, Hestnes M, Palmer CS. Differences and discrepancies between 2005 and 2008 Abbreviated Injury Scale versions - time to standardise. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012 Feb 2;20:11. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-20-11
  • Salehi O, Tabibzadeh Dezfuli SA, Namazi SS, Dehghan Khalili M, Saeedi M. A New injury severity score for predicting the length of hospital stay in multiple trauma patients. Trauma Mon. 2016 Feb 6;21(1):e20349. doi: 10.5812/traumamon.20349
  • Sewalt CA, Venema E, Wiegers EJA, et al. Trauma models to identify major trauma and mortality in the prehospital setting. Br J Surg. 2020; 107(4):373-380. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11304.
  • Aydın H, Berikol GB, Erdoğan MÖ, Gemici E, Doğan H. CHAMPS score in predicting mortality of patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2023;69(4): e20221052. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20221052
  • Aydın H, Doğan H, Erdoğan MÖ. Comparison of COVID-GRAM, 4C Mortality, qSOFA, SIRS, NEWS, and MEWS in predicting mortality in COVID-19. Med J Bakirkoy. 2023;19(1):111-118. doi: 10.4274/BMJ.galenos.2023.2022.7-10
  • van Wegen ME, Fransen LF, Thijssen WA, Alexandridis G, de Groot B. The association between urgency level and hospital admission, mortality and resource utilization in three emergency department triage systems: an observational multicenter study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2025;33(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01392-5
  • Aydin H, Dogan H. Effect of triage on physicians’ clinical decision: a prospective, observational, single-center and cross-sectional study. J Acute Dis. 2021;10(6):227-232. doi:10.4103/2221-6189.330965
  • Bozdereli Berikol G, Aydın H, Doğan H. Early discharging patients with chest pain using EDACS-ADP and COMPASS-MI risk predictors. Heart Vessels. 2022;37(8):1316-1325. doi:10.1007/s00380-022-02068-2
  • Aydın H, Doğan H, Tekyol D, Çetin ÖF, Yüce F, Emem MK. Impact of comorbidities on prognosis in asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 patients: a retrospective Türkiye study. Haydarpasa Numune Med J. 2023;63(3):292-298 doi: 10.14744/hnhj.2022.01212
  • Sarıdas A, Aydin H. Predictive value of adding end-tidal CO₂ and perfusion index to NEWS2 for 30-day in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Ir J Med Sci. 2025:1-8. doi:10.1007/s11845-025-04106-z

Acil servise başvuran travma hastalarında hastane içi mortaliteyi tahmin etmede laktat-albümin oranı, şok indeksi ve yaralanma şiddeti skorunun karşılaştırılması: retrospektif bir çalışma

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 26 - 31, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1799259

Abstract

Amaç: Travma bakımında hızlı ve doğru risk sınıflandırması hayati önem taşır. Bu çalışma, acil servise başvuran erişkin travma hastalarında laktat-albümin oranı (LAR), Şok İndeksi (SI) ve Yaralanma Şiddeti Skoru’nun (ISS) hastane içi mortaliteyi öngörmedeki prognostik performansını karşılaştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Yöntemler: Bu tek merkezli retrospektif kohort çalışmaya, üçüncü basamak bir acil servise Ocak 2022–Ocak 2025 tarihleri arasında başvuran ardışık erişkin (≥18 yaş) travma olguları dâhil edilmiştir. Temel değişkenleri eksik olan olgular çalışma dışı bırakılmıştır. Yoğun bakım yatışı, invaziv mekanik ventilasyon ve hastane içi mortalite için ayırım gücü, ROC eğrisi altında kalan alan (AUC) ve %95 güven aralıkları ile hesaplanmış; ikili karşılaştırmalar DeLong testi ile yapılmıştır. Youden indeksine göre belirlenen eşik değerler, pozitif/negatif olasılık oranları, kestirim değerleri ve Youden’in J istatistiğiyle özetlenmiştir. Hastane içi mortalite ile ilişkiler tek değişkenli ve önceden belirlenmiş çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizleriyle değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 4.942 hasta dâhil edilmiştir ve hastane içi mortalite oranı %3,1’dir. ISS, SI ve LAR’dan sürekli olarak daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Yoğun bakım yatışı için AUC değerleri ISS için 0,943, SI için 0,829 ve LAR için 0,801’dir. Mekanik ventilasyon gereksinimi için bu değerler sırasıyla 0,938, 0,813 ve 0,788’dir. Hastane içi mortalite için AUC değerleri ISS için 0,851, LAR için 0,763 ve SI için 0,757’dir. DeLong testleri, ISS’nin hem SI hem de LAR’a göre hastane içi mortaliteyi öngörmede anlamlı şekilde üstün olduğunu göstermiştir (p<0,001). LAR ve SI arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p=0,824).
Sonuç: ISS, yoğun bakım yatışı, mekanik ventilasyon ve hastane içi mortalitenin en güçlü öngörücüsüdür. SI ve LAR, hızlı yatak başı değerlendirmelerle erken dönemde değerli bilgiler sağlayabilir ve acil servis travma yönetiminde kademeli bir yaklaşımı destekleyebilir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi’ne uygun olarak yürütülmüş ve Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan onay alınmıştır (Onay No: 2025/13/32).

Supporting Institution

yok

Thanks

yok

References

  • World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2021. Geneva WHO 2024.
  • Beştemir A, Aydın H. 300 million patient examinations per year: evaluation of emergency and polyclinic services of 2nd and 3rd stage public health facilities in Turkey. Sakarya Med J. 2022;12(3):496-502. doi:10.31832/smj.1128439
  • Beştemir A, Aydın H, Tuncar A. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency surgical operations in state hospitals in Turkey: a retrospective and descriptive study. Eurasian J Emerg Med. 2023;22(1): 34-40. doi:10.4274/eajem.galenos.2023.68542
  • Orhon R, Eren SH, Karadayı S, et al. Comparison of trauma scores for predicting mortality and morbidity on trauma patients. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2014;20(4):258-264. doi:10.5505/tjtes.2014.22725
  • Hosseinpour R, Barghi A, Mehrabi S, Salaminia S, Tobeh P. Prognosis of the trauma patients according to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS): a diagnostic accuracy study. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2020;8(3):148-155. doi:10.30476/BEAT.2020.84613
  • Vang M, Østberg M, Steinmetz J, Rasmussen LS. Shock index as a predictor for mortality in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(4):2559-2566. doi:10.1007/s00068-021-01827-0
  • Li X, Yang Y, Zhang B, et al. Lactate metabolism in human health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):305. doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01151-3
  • Peretz DI, Scott HM, Duff J, Dossetor JB, MacLean LD, McGregor M. The significance of lacticacidemia in the shock syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1965;119(3):1133-1141. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb54038.x
  • Abramson D, Scalea TM, Hitchcock R, Trooskin SZ, Henry SM, Greenspan J. Lactate clearance and survival following injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 1993;35(4):584-589. doi:10.1097/00005373-199310000-00015
  • Eckart A, Struja T, Kutz A, et al. Relationship of nutritional status, inflammation, and serum albumin levels during acute illness: a prospective study. Am J Med. 2020;133(6):713-722. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed. 2019.10.031
  • McClain CJ, Hennig B, Ott LG, Goldblum S, Young AB. Mechanisms and implications of hypoalbuminemia in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg. 1988;69(3):386-392. doi:10.3171/jns.1988.69.3.0386
  • Arslan K, Sahin AS. Lactate, lactate clearance, and lactate-to-albumin ratio in predicting mortality in patients with critical polytrauma: a retrospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024;103(49):e40704. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000040704
  • Zhao X, Yao L. The predictive value of the lactate/albumin ratio combined with APACHE II and injury severity score for short-term prognosis in patients with polytrauma. Eur J Med Res. 2025;30(1):804. doi:10.1186/s40001-025-01925-9
  • Wang G, Liu J, Xu R, Fu Y, Liu X. Lactate/albumin ratio as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in critically ill children. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1): 725. doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03661-w
  • Aydın H, Doğan H, Özüçelik DN, Koçak M, Gül OA. Viral prevalence, clinical profiles and comparison of severity scores for predicting the mortality of adults with severe acute respiratory infections. Turk J Med Sci. 2019;49(3):860-871. doi:10.3906/sag-1812-68
  • Ringdal KG, Hestnes M, Palmer CS. Differences and discrepancies between 2005 and 2008 Abbreviated Injury Scale versions - time to standardise. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012 Feb 2;20:11. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-20-11
  • Salehi O, Tabibzadeh Dezfuli SA, Namazi SS, Dehghan Khalili M, Saeedi M. A New injury severity score for predicting the length of hospital stay in multiple trauma patients. Trauma Mon. 2016 Feb 6;21(1):e20349. doi: 10.5812/traumamon.20349
  • Sewalt CA, Venema E, Wiegers EJA, et al. Trauma models to identify major trauma and mortality in the prehospital setting. Br J Surg. 2020; 107(4):373-380. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11304.
  • Aydın H, Berikol GB, Erdoğan MÖ, Gemici E, Doğan H. CHAMPS score in predicting mortality of patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2023;69(4): e20221052. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20221052
  • Aydın H, Doğan H, Erdoğan MÖ. Comparison of COVID-GRAM, 4C Mortality, qSOFA, SIRS, NEWS, and MEWS in predicting mortality in COVID-19. Med J Bakirkoy. 2023;19(1):111-118. doi: 10.4274/BMJ.galenos.2023.2022.7-10
  • van Wegen ME, Fransen LF, Thijssen WA, Alexandridis G, de Groot B. The association between urgency level and hospital admission, mortality and resource utilization in three emergency department triage systems: an observational multicenter study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2025;33(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s13049-025-01392-5
  • Aydin H, Dogan H. Effect of triage on physicians’ clinical decision: a prospective, observational, single-center and cross-sectional study. J Acute Dis. 2021;10(6):227-232. doi:10.4103/2221-6189.330965
  • Bozdereli Berikol G, Aydın H, Doğan H. Early discharging patients with chest pain using EDACS-ADP and COMPASS-MI risk predictors. Heart Vessels. 2022;37(8):1316-1325. doi:10.1007/s00380-022-02068-2
  • Aydın H, Doğan H, Tekyol D, Çetin ÖF, Yüce F, Emem MK. Impact of comorbidities on prognosis in asymptomatic, mild, and moderate COVID-19 patients: a retrospective Türkiye study. Haydarpasa Numune Med J. 2023;63(3):292-298 doi: 10.14744/hnhj.2022.01212
  • Sarıdas A, Aydin H. Predictive value of adding end-tidal CO₂ and perfusion index to NEWS2 for 30-day in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Ir J Med Sci. 2025:1-8. doi:10.1007/s11845-025-04106-z
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Önder Acar 0009-0007-3496-7788

Hakan Aydın 0000-0003-3195-1805

Submission Date October 8, 2025
Acceptance Date November 11, 2025
Publication Date January 5, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA 1.Acar AÖ, Aydın H. Comparison of the lactate-to-albumin ratio, Shock index, and injury severity score for predicting in-hospital mortality among trauma patients presenting to the emergency department: a retrospective study. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2026;9(1):26-31. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1799259

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