Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Tünelli kateter yerleştirilmesi sırasında bikarbonat ile tamponlanmış lidokainin ağrı üzerine klinik etkisi

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 208 - 212, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1807620

Abstract

Amaç: Bikarbonat-tamponlu lidokain solüsyonlarının enjeksiyon ağrısını azaltmadaki etkinliği birçok çalışmada gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, tünelli diyaliz kateteri yerleştirilmesi sırasında yapılan subkutan, perivasküler ve tünel hattı enjeksiyonlarında bikarbonat-tamponlu ve tamponlanmamış lidokain solüsyonları arasındaki enjeksiyon ağrısı skorlarındaki farkı incelemeyi amaçladık.
Yöntem: Bu retrospektif ve gözlemsel çalışmaya, Ocak 2023 ile Haziran 2024 tarihleri arasında tünelli santral venöz hemodiyaliz kateteri yerleştirilen toplam 101 hasta dahil edildi. Hastalar, işlem sırasında kullanılan lokal anestezik solüsyonun içeriğine göre iki gruba ayrıldı. Birinci gruptaki 53 hastaya yalnızca %1 lidokain solüsyonu ile lokal anestezi uygulanırken, ikinci gruptaki 48 hastaya %1 lidokainin %8,4 sodyum bikarbonat ile 9:1 oranında tamponlandığı solüsyon uygulandı. Ağrı düzeyleri Görsel Analog Skala (VAS) kullanılarak kaydedildi ve yaş, cinsiyet ile VAS skorları gruplar arasında karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların yaş aralığı 19 ile 84 yıl arasında değişmekteydi ve gruplar arasında ortalama yaş açısından anlamlı fark saptanmadı. Cinsiyet dağılımı da istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık göstermedi. VAS skorlarının karşılaştırılmasında, Grup 1 (tamponlanmamış lidokain) hastalarında subkutan, perivasküler ve tünel hattı enjeksiyonları için sırasıyla 4,7 ± 1,3, 4,4 ± 1,2 ve 4,2 ± 1,5 değerleri elde edilirken; Grup 2 (tamponlu lidokain) hastalarında bu değerler sırasıyla 2,6 ± 1,1, 2,9 ± 1,4 ve 3,1 ± 1,2 olarak bulundu. Her üç enjeksiyon bölgesinde de gruplar arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p < 0,001, p < 0,001 ve p = 0,002).
Sonuç: Bikarbonat-tamponlu lidokain kullanımı, tünelli diyaliz kateteri yerleştirilmesi sırasında yapılan subkutan, perivasküler ve tünel hattı enjeksiyonlarında enjeksiyon ağrısını anlamlı düzeyde azaltmıştır. Bu bulgular, bikarbonat ile tamponlanmış lidokainin klinik uygulamalarda daha konforlu ve hasta memnuniyetini artıran bir lokal anestezi seçeneği olabileceğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Alam M, Worley B. Buffered lidocaine: the standard of care for cutaneous procedures. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):166-167. doi:10. 1016/j.jaad.2020.01.017
  • Golzari SE, Soleimanpour H, Mahmoodpoor A, Safari S, Ala A. Lidocaine and pain management in the emergency department: a review article. Anesth Pain Med. 2014;4(1):e15444. doi:10.5812/aapm.15444
  • Burns CA, Ferris G, Feng C, Cooper JZ, Brown MD. Decreasing the pain of local anesthesia: a prospective, double-blind comparison of buffered, premixed 1% lidocaine with epinephrine versus 1% lidocaine freshly mixed with epinephrine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(1):128-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.06.043
  • Cepeda MS, Tzortzopoulou A, Thackrey M, Hudcova J, Arora Gandhi P, Schumann R. Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD006581. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD006581.pub2
  • Welch MN, Czyz CN, Kalwerisky K, Holck DE, Mihora LD. Double-blind, bilateral pain comparison with simultaneous injection of 2% lidocaine versus buffered 2% lidocaine for periocular anesthesia. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2048-2052. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.029
  • Hockett D, Kress L, Mac Donald R, Krenzischek DA, Maheshwari A. Effectiveness of buffered lidocaine for local anesthesia during liver biopsy. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2021;44(3):172-176. doi:10.1097/SGA.00000 00000000542
  • Vasan A, Baker JA, Shelby RA, Soo MSC. Impact of sodium bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine on patient pain during ımage-guided breast biopsy. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(9):1194-1201. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.03.026
  • Villavicencio JC, Kulkarni A, Luis C, et al. Sensation of pain using buffered lidocaine for infiltration before vulvar biopsy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(3):609-614. doi:10.1097/AOG. 0000000000003710
  • Culp WC Jr, Yousaf M, Lowry B, McCowan TC, Culp WC. Pain and efficacy of local anesthetics for central venous access. Local Reg Anesth. 2008;1:11-15. doi:10.2147/lra.s4337
  • Bartfield JM, Gennis P, Barbera J, Breuer B, Gallagher EJ. Buffered versus plain lidocaine as a local anesthetic for simple laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(12):1387-1389. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82603-4
  • Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S. Pain reduction in local anesthetic administration through pH buffering. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17(2):117-120. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80293-2
  • Hanna MN, Elhassan A, Veloso PM, et al. Efficacy of bicarbonate in decreasing pain on intradermal injection of local anesthetics: a meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34(2):122-125. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b 013e31819a12a6
  • Brogan GX Jr, Giarrusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC. Comparison of plain, warmed, and buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26(2):121-125. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70139-7
  • Guo J, Yin K, Roges R, Enciso R. Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate buffered versus non-buffered lidocaine with epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block: a meta-analysis. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2018;18(3):129-142. doi:10.17245/jdapm.2018.18.3.129
  • Frank SG, Lalonde DH. How acidic is the lidocaine we are injecting, and how much bicarbonate should we add?. Can J Plast Surg. 2012;20(2):71-73. doi:10.1177/229255031202000207
  • Vent A, Surber C, Graf Johansen NT, et al. Buffered lidocaine 1%/epinephrine 1:100,000 with sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) in a 3:1 ratio is less painful than a 9:1 ratio: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):159-165. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.088

Clinical impact of bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine on pain during tunneled catheter placement

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 208 - 212, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1807620

Abstract

Aims: Numerous studies have reported the efficacy of bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine solutions in reducing injection pain. In our study, we aimed to examine the difference in injection pain scores between buffered and unbuffered lidocaine solutions during subcutaneous injection, perivascular injection, and injection along the tunnel line during the tunneling dialysis catheter placement procedure.
Methods: This retrospective observational study included 101 patients who underwent tunneled central venous hemodialysis catheter placement between January 2023 and June 2024. Clinical data were obtained through retrospective review of patient medical records.The patients included in the study were divided into two groups based on the content of the local anesthetic solution used during the procedure. The first group (n=53) consisted of patients who received local anesthesia with a 1% lidocaine solution only, while the second group (n=48) consisted of patients who received a solution of 1% lidocaine buffered with 8.4% sodium bicarbonate at a 9:1 ratio. Pain levels were recorded using a visual analog scale (VAS). Age, gender, and VAS scores were compared between groups.
Results: The age range of the 101 patients included in the study was between 19 and 84 years, and there was no significant difference in the mean age between the two groups. The gender distribution also did not show any statistically significant differences. In the comparison of VAS scores, the subcutaneous, perivascular, and tunnel region VAS scores for patients in group 1 (unbuffered) were 4.7±1.3, 4.4±1.2, and 4.2±1.5, respectively, while those in group 2 (buffered) were 2.6±1.1, 2.9±1.4, and 3.1±1.2, respectively. The difference between the groups was significant for all three injection sites, with p-values of <0.001, <0.001, and 0.002, respectively.
Conclusion: Buffered lidocaine significantly reduced injection pain in each region subcutaneous, perivascular, and tunnel line injections during the tunneled dialysis catheter placement procedure.

References

  • Alam M, Worley B. Buffered lidocaine: the standard of care for cutaneous procedures. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):166-167. doi:10. 1016/j.jaad.2020.01.017
  • Golzari SE, Soleimanpour H, Mahmoodpoor A, Safari S, Ala A. Lidocaine and pain management in the emergency department: a review article. Anesth Pain Med. 2014;4(1):e15444. doi:10.5812/aapm.15444
  • Burns CA, Ferris G, Feng C, Cooper JZ, Brown MD. Decreasing the pain of local anesthesia: a prospective, double-blind comparison of buffered, premixed 1% lidocaine with epinephrine versus 1% lidocaine freshly mixed with epinephrine. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(1):128-131. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.06.043
  • Cepeda MS, Tzortzopoulou A, Thackrey M, Hudcova J, Arora Gandhi P, Schumann R. Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD006581. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD006581.pub2
  • Welch MN, Czyz CN, Kalwerisky K, Holck DE, Mihora LD. Double-blind, bilateral pain comparison with simultaneous injection of 2% lidocaine versus buffered 2% lidocaine for periocular anesthesia. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(10):2048-2052. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.029
  • Hockett D, Kress L, Mac Donald R, Krenzischek DA, Maheshwari A. Effectiveness of buffered lidocaine for local anesthesia during liver biopsy. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2021;44(3):172-176. doi:10.1097/SGA.00000 00000000542
  • Vasan A, Baker JA, Shelby RA, Soo MSC. Impact of sodium bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine on patient pain during ımage-guided breast biopsy. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017;14(9):1194-1201. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.03.026
  • Villavicencio JC, Kulkarni A, Luis C, et al. Sensation of pain using buffered lidocaine for infiltration before vulvar biopsy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(3):609-614. doi:10.1097/AOG. 0000000000003710
  • Culp WC Jr, Yousaf M, Lowry B, McCowan TC, Culp WC. Pain and efficacy of local anesthetics for central venous access. Local Reg Anesth. 2008;1:11-15. doi:10.2147/lra.s4337
  • Bartfield JM, Gennis P, Barbera J, Breuer B, Gallagher EJ. Buffered versus plain lidocaine as a local anesthetic for simple laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med. 1990;19(12):1387-1389. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82603-4
  • Christoph RA, Buchanan L, Begalla K, Schwartz S. Pain reduction in local anesthetic administration through pH buffering. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17(2):117-120. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80293-2
  • Hanna MN, Elhassan A, Veloso PM, et al. Efficacy of bicarbonate in decreasing pain on intradermal injection of local anesthetics: a meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34(2):122-125. doi:10.1097/AAP.0b 013e31819a12a6
  • Brogan GX Jr, Giarrusso E, Hollander JE, Cassara G, Maranga MC, Thode HC. Comparison of plain, warmed, and buffered lidocaine for anesthesia of traumatic wounds. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;26(2):121-125. doi:10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70139-7
  • Guo J, Yin K, Roges R, Enciso R. Efficacy of sodium bicarbonate buffered versus non-buffered lidocaine with epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block: a meta-analysis. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2018;18(3):129-142. doi:10.17245/jdapm.2018.18.3.129
  • Frank SG, Lalonde DH. How acidic is the lidocaine we are injecting, and how much bicarbonate should we add?. Can J Plast Surg. 2012;20(2):71-73. doi:10.1177/229255031202000207
  • Vent A, Surber C, Graf Johansen NT, et al. Buffered lidocaine 1%/epinephrine 1:100,000 with sodium bicarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) in a 3:1 ratio is less painful than a 9:1 ratio: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;83(1):159-165. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.088
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cardiovascular Surgery, Pain, Anaesthesiology, Radiology and Organ Imaging
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Eser Bulut 0000-0002-6765-6552

Nur Kara Oğuz 0000-0003-3286-9969

Submission Date October 22, 2025
Acceptance Date December 30, 2025
Publication Date January 5, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Bulut E, Kara Oğuz N. Clinical impact of bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine on pain during tunneled catheter placement. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. January 2026;9(1):208-212. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1807620

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS].

The Directories (indexes) and Platforms we are included in are at the bottom of the page.

Note: Our journal is not WOS indexed and therefore is not classified as Q.

You can download Council of Higher Education (CoHG) [Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK)] Criteria) decisions about predatory/questionable journals and the author's clarification text and journal charge policy from your browser. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show







The indexes of the journal are ULAKBİM TR Dizin, ICI World of Journals, DOAJ, Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact Factor, ASOS Index, WorldCat (OCLC), MIAR, OpenAIRE, Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index, Scilit, etc.

       images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRB9r6zRLDl0Pz7om2DQkiTQXqDtuq64Eb1Qg&usqp=CAU

500px-WorldCat_logo.svg.png

atifdizini.png

logo_world_of_journals_no_margin.png

images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTNpvUjQ4Ffc6uQBqMQrqYMR53c7bRqD9rohCINkko0Y1a_hPSn&usqp=CAU

doaj.png  

images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpOQFsFv3RdX0lIQJC3SwkFIA-CceHin_ujli_JrqBy3A32A_Tx_oMoIZn96EcrpLwTQg&usqp=CAU

ici2.png

asos-index.png

drji.png





The platforms of the journal are Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, Open Access, COPE, ICMJE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, etc.

COPE-logo-300x199.jpgimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcQR6_qdgvxMP9owgnYzJ1M6CS_XzR_d7orTjA&usqp=CAU

icmje_1_orig.png

cc.logo.large.png

ncbi.pngimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcRBcJw8ia8S9TI4Fun5vj3HPzEcEKIvF_jtnw&usqp=CAU

ORCID_logo.png

1*mvsP194Golg0Dmo2rjJ-oQ.jpeg


Our Journal using the DergiPark system indexed are;

Ulakbim TR Dizin,  Index Copernicus, ICI World of JournalsDirectory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact FactorASOS Index, OpenAIRE, MIAR,  EuroPub, WorldCat (OCLC)DOAJ,  Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index


Our Journal using the DergiPark system platforms are;

Google, Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, ICJME, COPE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, Open Access, and etc.


Journal articles are evaluated as "Double-Blind Peer Review". 

Our journal has adopted the Open Access Policy and articles in JHSM are Open Access and fully comply with Open Access instructions. All articles in the system can be accessed and read without a journal user.  https//dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/9535

Journal charge policy   https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/10912

Our journal has been indexed in DOAJ as of May 18, 2020.

Our journal has been indexed in TR-Dizin as of March 12, 2021.


17873

Articles published in Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine have open access and are licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.