Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Hipertansiyonda Hedef Organ Hasarı: Türkiye’den Klinik ve Halk Sağlığı Perspektifi

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 221 - 227, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1824199
https://izlik.org/JA36HS93ZK

Abstract

Amaç: Hipertansiyon dünya genelinde 1,3 milyar yetişkini etkilemesine rağmen tanısı önemli ölçüde geciken bir halk sağlığı problemidir. Türkiye’de çeşitli hastalıklar için ulusal tarama programları bulunmasına karşın, hipertansiyon için merkezi bir tarama sistemi bulunmamaktadır. Tanı anındaki klinik özelliklerin anlaşılması, ulusal tarama politikalarının şekillendirilmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, hipertansiyonun tanı anındaki şiddetini ve hedef organ hasarı varlığını değerlendirmeyi ve semptomların veya rutin klinik değişkenlerin daha ciddi kan basıncı yüksekliğini öngörüp öngöremeyeceğini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Yöntemler: Bu kesitsel çalışma, Ağustos ve Ekim 2025 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’de bir nefroloji polikliniğine başvuran 126 yeni hipertansiyon hastasını incelemiştir. Katılımcılar, tedavi başlamadan önce 7 günlük evde kan basıncı ölçümleri yapmıştır. Sosyodemografik özellikler, semptomlar, komorbiditeler, antropometrik ölçümler ve laboratuvar parametreleri kaydedilmiştir. Hipertansiyon şiddeti 2023 ESC/ESH kriterlerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Kan basıncı ile klinik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler korelasyon analizleri ve çok değişkenli regresyon modelleri ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Tanı anında ortalama sistolik kan basıncı 159.75±15.74 mmHg, diyastolik ise 99.01±10.57 mmHg idi. Hastaların üçte ikisi(%64.3) Evre 2–3 hipertansiyon hastasıydı. Ayrıca 58 hastada (%46) retinopati, 10 hastada mikroalbüminüri, 11 hastada sol ventrikül hipertrofisi saptanmış; 69 hastada (%54.7) HOMA-IR skorlarına göre insülin direnci tespit edilmiştir. Hastaların neredeyse tamamı (%92.8) semptom bildirmiş olup en yaygınları baş ağrısı (%88.1) ve kulak çınlamasıydı (%46.8); ancak semptom yükü ile kan basıncı düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı (p>0.05). Bazı biyokimyasal belirteçler kan basıncı ile zayıf düzeyde ilişkiler göstermiş olsada, çok değişkenli modellerde bu ilişkiler anlamlılığını kaybetmiştir. Ortalama BKİ 31.37±6.10 kg/m² olup laboratuvar bulguları artmış kardiyometabolik risk ile uyumludur.
Sonuç: Görece genç yetişkinler, yıllar süren sessiz hedef organ hasarı gelişiminin ardından hipertansiyon tanısı almakta; orta–ciddi düzeyde kan basıncı yüksekliği, kardiyometabolik bozukluklar ve özellikle retinopati olmak üzere çeşitli hedef organ hasarı belirtileri göstermektedirler. Bu gecikmiş tanı, önlenebilir kardiyovasküler morbiditeyi, mortaliteyi, hedef organ hasarını ve sağlık sistemi maliyetlerini artırmaktadır. Görünmez zarar sürecini kırmak için sistematik, toplum temelli kan basıncı taraması acil bir gerekliliktir.

Ethical Statement

Araştırma Helsinki Deklerasyonuna uygun şek,şde gerçekleştirilmiş olup, etik onay Van Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinden alınmıştır (onay numarası: GOKAEK-20250608 Onay Tarihi: 08.08.2025)

Supporting Institution

Araştırma için herhangi bir kurum veya kuruluştan destek alınmamıştır.

References

  • Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957-980. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
  • World Health Organization, hypertension fact sheet 2025.
  • Adediran E, Owens R, Gardner E, et al. Risk factors of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension in primary care patients with hypertension: a cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2024;25:311. doi:10.1186/s1287 5-024-02511-4
  • Wall HK, Hannan JA, Wright JS. Patients with undiagnosed hypertension: hiding in plain sight. JAMA. 2014;312(19):1973-1974. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.15388
  • Yurekli AA, Bilir N, Husain MJ. Projecting burden of hypertension and its management in Turkey, 2015-2030. PLOS ONE. 2019;4(9):e0221556.c. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221556
  • Altun B, rici M, Nergizoğlu G, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (the PatenT study) in 2003. J Hypertens. 2005;23(10):1817-1823. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000176789.89505.59
  • Sengul S, Akpolat T, Erdem Y, et al. Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in Turkey from 2003 to 2012. J Hypertens. 2016;34(6):1208-1217. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000901
  • Oğuz A, Telci Çaklılı Ö, Tümerdem Çalık B. PURE Investigators. The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study: PURE Turkey. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2018;46(7):613-623. doi:10.5543/tkda.2018.32967
  • Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye, General Directorate of Public Health.
  • Ekinci B, Chatterjee S, Ucuncu I, et al. Blood pressure control in Turkiye: a primary healthcare pilot study. Prev Med Rep. 2024;46:102867. doi:10.1 016/j.pmedr.2024.102867
  • Sengul S, Erdem Y, Akpolat T, et al. Controlling hypertension in Turkey: not a hopeless dream. Kidney International Supplements. 2013;3 (4):326-331. doi:10.1038/KISUP.2013.68
  • Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, et al. ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874-2071. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
  • Mancia G, Parati G. The role of blood pressure variability in end-organ damage. J Hypertens Suppl. 2003;21(6):S17-S23. doi:10.1097/00004872-2 00307006-00004
  • Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, et al. Hypertension-mediated organ damage: prevalence, correlates, and prognosis in the community. Hypertension, 2022;79(3):505-515. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA. 121.18502
  • Grassi G, Seravalle G, Quarti-Trevano F, Dell'Oro R, Bolla G, Mancia G. Effects of hypertension and obesity on the sympathetic activation of heart failure patients. Hypertension. 2003;42(5):873-877. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000098660.26184.63
  • Stanciu S, Rusu E, Miricescu D, et al. Links between metabolic syndrome and hypertension: the relationship with the current antidiabetic drugs. Metabolites. 2023;13(1):87. doi:10.3390/metabo13010087
  • Mennuni S, Rubattu S, Pierelli G, et al. Hypertension and kidneys: unraveling complex molecular mechanisms underlying hypertensive renal damage. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(2):74-79. doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.55
  • Lakkis JI, Weir MR. Hyperkalemia in the hypertensive patient. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018;20(2):12. doi:10.1007/s11886-018-0954-2
  • Wong TY, Mitchell P. Hypertensive retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351 (22):2310-2317. doi:10.1056/NEJMra032865
  • Kabedi NN, Mwanza JC, Lepira FB, Kayembe TK, Kayembe DL. Hypertensive retinopathy and its association with cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular morbidity in Congolese patients. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2014;25(5):228-232. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2014-045
  • Bhargava M, Ikram MK, Wong TY. How does hypertension affect your eyes?. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(2):71-83. doi:10.1038/jhh.2011.37
  • Erden S, Bicakci E. Hypertensive retinopathy: incidence, risk factors, and comorbidities. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2012;34(6):397-401. doi:10.3109/10641963.2012.663028
  • Matura LA, McDonough A, Carroll DL. Symptom prevalence, symptom severity, and health-related quality of life among young, middle, and older adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®. 2014;33(3):214-221. doi:10.1177/104990 9114554079
  • Jeemon P, Séverin T, Amodeo C, et al. World heart federation roadmap for hypertension - a 2021 update. Glob Heart. 2021;16(1):63. doi:10.5334/gh.1066
  • Abdalla M, Muntner P, Peterson ED. The USPSTF recommendation on blood pressure screening: making 2021 the transformative year in controlling hypertension. JAMA. 2021;325(16):1618-1619. doi:10.1001/ja ma.2021.4499
  • HEARTS technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: risk based CVD management. Geneva. World Health Organization 2020.
  • Ministry of health of the republic of Türkiye. Project for Improvement of Blood Pressure Control in Turkey: Assessment Report 2020 Ankara.
  • Sozmen K, Ergor G, Sakarya S, et al. Evaluation of blood pressure status and mortality in Turkey: findings from chronic diseases and risk factors cohort study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(8):1366. doi:10.3390/medic ina59081366
  • Khan M, Kisa A. Cost effectiveness of screening for hypertension in Turkey. Paper presented at: The Fifth International Conference on Health Care Systems 2008.

End-organ damage in hypertension: clinical and public health insights from Turkiye

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 221 - 227, 05.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1824199
https://izlik.org/JA36HS93ZK

Abstract

Aims: Hypertension affects 1.3 billion adults globally yet remains substantially underdiagnosed. In Turkiye, national screening programs exist for several conditions, but universal hypertension screening is not implemented despite hypertension being more prevalent than diseases currently screened. Understanding presentation patterns is essential for informing screening policy. This study aimed to assess hypertension severity and end-organ damage at diagnosis and determine whether symptoms or routine clinical variables can identify patients with more severe blood pressure elevation.
Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 126 new hypertension patients presenting to a nephrology clinic in Turkiye between August-October 2025. Participants completed 7-day home blood pressure monitoring before treatment initiation. Sociodemographic characteristics, symptoms, comorbidities, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory parameters were collected. Hypertension severity was classified using 2023 ESC/ESH criteria. Associations between blood pressure and clinical variables were examined using correlation analyses and multiple regression models.
Results: At diagnosis, mean systolic blood pressure was 159.75±15.74 mmHg and diastolic was 99.01±10.57 mmHg. Over two-thirds (64.3%) presented with grade 2-3 hypertension. Furthermore, 58 patients (46%) had retinopathy, whereas 10 had microalbuminuria and 11 had left ventricular hypertrophy and 69 (54.7%) presented with insulin resistance as calculated by HOMA-IR scores. Almost all patients (92.8%) reported symptoms, most commonly headache (88.1%) and tinnitus (46.8%), yet symptom burden showed no correlation with blood pressure levels (p>0.05). Several biochemical markers showed weak univariable correlations with blood pressure, but none remained significant in multivariable models. Mean BMI was 31.37±6.10 kg/m², with laboratory findings suggesting increased cardiometabolic risk.
Conclusion: Relatively young adults are being diagnosed with hypertension only after years of silent damage, presenting with moderate-to-severe disease and coexisting cardiometabolic abnormalities in addition to potential signs of end-organ damage; mainly retinopathy. Symptoms cannot guide detection, and clinical variables cannot identify high-risk individuals. This late diagnosis perpetuates preventable cardiovascular morbidity, mortality, end-organ damage and escalating healthcare costs. Systematic, population-based blood pressure screening is urgently needed to interrupt this trajectory of invisible harm.

Ethical Statement

The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the necessary ethical approvals were obtained from Van Education and Training Hospital (GOKAEK-20250608 approval date: 08.08.2025).

Supporting Institution

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Thanks

-

References

  • Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. The Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957-980. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
  • World Health Organization, hypertension fact sheet 2025.
  • Adediran E, Owens R, Gardner E, et al. Risk factors of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension in primary care patients with hypertension: a cross-sectional study. BMC Prim Care. 2024;25:311. doi:10.1186/s1287 5-024-02511-4
  • Wall HK, Hannan JA, Wright JS. Patients with undiagnosed hypertension: hiding in plain sight. JAMA. 2014;312(19):1973-1974. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.15388
  • Yurekli AA, Bilir N, Husain MJ. Projecting burden of hypertension and its management in Turkey, 2015-2030. PLOS ONE. 2019;4(9):e0221556.c. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221556
  • Altun B, rici M, Nergizoğlu G, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Turkey (the PatenT study) in 2003. J Hypertens. 2005;23(10):1817-1823. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000176789.89505.59
  • Sengul S, Akpolat T, Erdem Y, et al. Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in Turkey from 2003 to 2012. J Hypertens. 2016;34(6):1208-1217. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000901
  • Oğuz A, Telci Çaklılı Ö, Tümerdem Çalık B. PURE Investigators. The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study: PURE Turkey. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2018;46(7):613-623. doi:10.5543/tkda.2018.32967
  • Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye, General Directorate of Public Health.
  • Ekinci B, Chatterjee S, Ucuncu I, et al. Blood pressure control in Turkiye: a primary healthcare pilot study. Prev Med Rep. 2024;46:102867. doi:10.1 016/j.pmedr.2024.102867
  • Sengul S, Erdem Y, Akpolat T, et al. Controlling hypertension in Turkey: not a hopeless dream. Kidney International Supplements. 2013;3 (4):326-331. doi:10.1038/KISUP.2013.68
  • Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, et al. ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874-2071. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
  • Mancia G, Parati G. The role of blood pressure variability in end-organ damage. J Hypertens Suppl. 2003;21(6):S17-S23. doi:10.1097/00004872-2 00307006-00004
  • Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, et al. Hypertension-mediated organ damage: prevalence, correlates, and prognosis in the community. Hypertension, 2022;79(3):505-515. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA. 121.18502
  • Grassi G, Seravalle G, Quarti-Trevano F, Dell'Oro R, Bolla G, Mancia G. Effects of hypertension and obesity on the sympathetic activation of heart failure patients. Hypertension. 2003;42(5):873-877. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000098660.26184.63
  • Stanciu S, Rusu E, Miricescu D, et al. Links between metabolic syndrome and hypertension: the relationship with the current antidiabetic drugs. Metabolites. 2023;13(1):87. doi:10.3390/metabo13010087
  • Mennuni S, Rubattu S, Pierelli G, et al. Hypertension and kidneys: unraveling complex molecular mechanisms underlying hypertensive renal damage. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(2):74-79. doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.55
  • Lakkis JI, Weir MR. Hyperkalemia in the hypertensive patient. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018;20(2):12. doi:10.1007/s11886-018-0954-2
  • Wong TY, Mitchell P. Hypertensive retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351 (22):2310-2317. doi:10.1056/NEJMra032865
  • Kabedi NN, Mwanza JC, Lepira FB, Kayembe TK, Kayembe DL. Hypertensive retinopathy and its association with cardiovascular, renal and cerebrovascular morbidity in Congolese patients. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2014;25(5):228-232. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2014-045
  • Bhargava M, Ikram MK, Wong TY. How does hypertension affect your eyes?. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(2):71-83. doi:10.1038/jhh.2011.37
  • Erden S, Bicakci E. Hypertensive retinopathy: incidence, risk factors, and comorbidities. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2012;34(6):397-401. doi:10.3109/10641963.2012.663028
  • Matura LA, McDonough A, Carroll DL. Symptom prevalence, symptom severity, and health-related quality of life among young, middle, and older adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®. 2014;33(3):214-221. doi:10.1177/104990 9114554079
  • Jeemon P, Séverin T, Amodeo C, et al. World heart federation roadmap for hypertension - a 2021 update. Glob Heart. 2021;16(1):63. doi:10.5334/gh.1066
  • Abdalla M, Muntner P, Peterson ED. The USPSTF recommendation on blood pressure screening: making 2021 the transformative year in controlling hypertension. JAMA. 2021;325(16):1618-1619. doi:10.1001/ja ma.2021.4499
  • HEARTS technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: risk based CVD management. Geneva. World Health Organization 2020.
  • Ministry of health of the republic of Türkiye. Project for Improvement of Blood Pressure Control in Turkey: Assessment Report 2020 Ankara.
  • Sozmen K, Ergor G, Sakarya S, et al. Evaluation of blood pressure status and mortality in Turkey: findings from chronic diseases and risk factors cohort study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(8):1366. doi:10.3390/medic ina59081366
  • Khan M, Kisa A. Cost effectiveness of screening for hypertension in Turkey. Paper presented at: The Fifth International Conference on Health Care Systems 2008.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nefroloji, Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sibel Ada 0000-0001-5692-3531

Berrak Itır Aylı 0000-0002-0834-900X

Abdurrahman Biçer 0000-0001-5166-1149

Submission Date November 15, 2025
Acceptance Date December 31, 2025
Publication Date January 5, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1824199
IZ https://izlik.org/JA36HS93ZK
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA 1.Ada S, Aylı BI, Biçer A. End-organ damage in hypertension: clinical and public health insights from Turkiye. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2026;9(1):221-227. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1824199

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS].

The Directories (indexes) and Platforms we are included in are at the bottom of the page.

Note: Our journal is not WOS indexed and therefore is not classified as Q.

You can download Council of Higher Education (CoHG) [Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK)] Criteria) decisions about predatory/questionable journals and the author's clarification text and journal charge policy from your browser. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show







The indexes of the journal are ULAKBİM TR Dizin, ICI World of Journals, DOAJ, Directory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact Factor, ASOS Index, WorldCat (OCLC), MIAR, OpenAIRE, Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index, Scilit, etc.

       images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRB9r6zRLDl0Pz7om2DQkiTQXqDtuq64Eb1Qg&usqp=CAU

500px-WorldCat_logo.svg.png

atifdizini.png

logo_world_of_journals_no_margin.png

images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcTNpvUjQ4Ffc6uQBqMQrqYMR53c7bRqD9rohCINkko0Y1a_hPSn&usqp=CAU

doaj.png  

images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpOQFsFv3RdX0lIQJC3SwkFIA-CceHin_ujli_JrqBy3A32A_Tx_oMoIZn96EcrpLwTQg&usqp=CAU

ici2.png

asos-index.png

drji.png





The platforms of the journal are Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, Open Access, COPE, ICMJE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, etc.

COPE-logo-300x199.jpgimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcQR6_qdgvxMP9owgnYzJ1M6CS_XzR_d7orTjA&usqp=CAU

icmje_1_orig.png

cc.logo.large.png

ncbi.pngimages?q=tbn:ANd9GcRBcJw8ia8S9TI4Fun5vj3HPzEcEKIvF_jtnw&usqp=CAU

ORCID_logo.png

1*mvsP194Golg0Dmo2rjJ-oQ.jpeg


Our Journal using the DergiPark system indexed are;

Ulakbim TR Dizin,  Index Copernicus, ICI World of JournalsDirectory of Research Journals Indexing (DRJI), General Impact FactorASOS Index, OpenAIRE, MIAR,  EuroPub, WorldCat (OCLC)DOAJ,  Türkiye Citation Index, Türk Medline Index, InfoBase Index


Our Journal using the DergiPark system platforms are;

Google, Google Scholar, CrossRef (DOI), ResearchBib, ICJME, COPE, NCBI, ORCID, Creative Commons, Open Access, and etc.


Journal articles are evaluated as "Double-Blind Peer Review". 

Our journal has adopted the Open Access Policy and articles in JHSM are Open Access and fully comply with Open Access instructions. All articles in the system can be accessed and read without a journal user.  https//dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/9535

Journal charge policy   https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jhsm/page/10912

Our journal has been indexed in DOAJ as of May 18, 2020.

Our journal has been indexed in TR-Dizin as of March 12, 2021.


17873

Articles published in Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine have open access and are licensed under the Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.