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Relationship between wrist morphology and scaphoid fracture: a CT-based case control study

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 259 - 265, 12.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1833391
https://izlik.org/JA23XK88JZ

Abstract

Aims: To determine whether wrist morphology measured on computed tomography (CT)—in particular, ulnar variance (UV), radial inclination (RI), radial height (RH), scaphoid volar tilt (SVT), and lunate volar tilt (LVT)—is independently associated with scaphoid fracture after a fall on the outstretched hand.
Methods: We performed a retrospective, CT-based case–control study of 78 patients (39 CT-confirmed scaphoid fractures; 39 controls). Standardized multiplanar reconstructions were used to obtain true coronal and fossa-centered sagittal planes. Two radiologists (≥10 years’ experience) made masked, duplicate measurements; inter- and intra-observer reliability was assessed using ICCs, and good-to-excellent agreement was confirmed. Group comparisons employed t-tests or Mann–Whitney U as appropriate; independent associations were evaluated with multivariable logistic regression. Discrimination for UV was examined with ROC analysis.
Results: UV was significantly more negative in the fracture group (−1.9±1.6 mm) than in controls (−1.1 ± 1.6 mm; p=0.047). In the multivariable model including RI, UV, RH, SVT, and LVT, UV was the only independent predictor (B=-0.315; OR=0.73; 95% CI 0.54–0.98; p=0.035); other parameters were not independently associated (all p>0.05). Model fit was modest (Nagelkerke R²=0.092). Using UV alone, the AUC was 0.613 (95% CI 0.479–0.732). The Youden-optimal cutoff UV <-2.35 mm yielded sensitivity 0.436 and specificity 0.795.
Conclusion: On CT, more negative UV was independently associated with scaphoid fracture, whereas RI, RH, SVT, and LVT were not. However, the overall model explained a limited proportion of variance, and UV alone showed weak discrimination. Accordingly, UV should be regarded as an adjunct anatomic marker rather than a standalone tool for clinical risk stratification.

References

  • Zander MEL, Swärd E, Björkman A, Wilcke M. Carpal fractures: epidemiology, classification and treatment of 6542 fractures from the Swedish Fracture Registry. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024;49(4):470-476. doi:10.1177/17531934231202012
  • Weber ER, Chao EY. An experimental approach to the mechanism of scaphoid waist fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 1978;3(2):142-148. doi:10. 1016/s0363-5023(78)80062-8
  • Bulut T, Akgun U, Yildiz G, Gursoy M, Onder Y. Comparison of radiographic measurement parameters of the wrist in patients with and without scaphoid fracture after fall on an outstretched hand. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2024;91(3):156-163. doi:10.55095/achot2024/021
  • Osinga R, Estermann L, Klein HJ, Schibli-Beer S, Jandali AR, Hug U. Ulnar variance in scaphoid fractures: retrospective analysis of 182 cases. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2019;24(1):13-16. doi:10.1142/S 2424835519500036
  • Turan A, Kose O, Aktan C, Unal M, Acar B, Sindel M. Radiographic analysis of anatomic risk factors for scaphoid fractures; a case-control study. Clin Imaging. 2018;51:341-346. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.06.014
  • Ramos-Escalona J, García-Bordes L, Martínez-Galarza P, Yunta-Gallo A. Ulnar variance and scaphoid fracture. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2010; 35(3):195-197. doi:10.1177/1753193409352281
  • Márquez-Florez K, Vergara-Amador E, de Las Casas EB, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Theoretical distribution of load in the radius and ulna carpal joint. Comput Biol Med. 2015;60:100-106. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.02.016
  • Majima M, Horii E, Matsuki H, Hirata H, Genda E. Load transmission through the wrist in the extended position. J Hand Surg Am. 2008;33(2): 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.10.018
  • Jedlinski A, Kauer JM, Jonsson K. X-ray evaluation of the true neutral position of the wrist: the groove for extensor carpi ulnaris as a landmark. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20(3):511-512. doi:10.1016/S0363-5023(05)80120-0
  • Levis CM, Yang Z, Gilula LA. Validation of the extensor carpi ulnaris groove as a predictor for the recognition of standard posteroanterior radiographs of the wrist. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27(2):252-257. doi:10. 1053/jhsu.2002.31150
  • Suojärvi N, Tampio J, Lindfors N, Waris E. Computer-aided 3D analysis of anatomy and radiographic parameters of the distal radius. Clin Anat. 2021;34(4):574-580. doi:10.1002/ca.23615
  • Smees CJ, van Es EM, Tuijthof GJM, Colaris JW, de Graaff F, Vochteloo AJH. A comparison of 3-D CT and 2-D plain radiograph measurements of the wrist in extra-articular malunited fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024;49(5):546-553. doi:10.1177/17531934231213790
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146
  • Daniele L, McLean A, Cocks N, Kalamaras M, Bindra R, Ezekiel Tan SL. Anatomic variation in volar tilt of the scaphoid and lunate facet of the distal radius. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(11):e399-e404. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.108
  • Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2): 155-163. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
  • Lirola-Palmero S, Salvà-Coll G, Terrades-Cladera FJ. Analysis of ulnar variance as a risk factor for developing scaphoid nonunion. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2015;59(3):150-156. doi:10.1016/j.recot.2014.08.002
  • Jafari D, Shariatzadeh H, Najd Mazhar F, Ghahremani MH. Ulnar variance in scaphoid nonunion. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16(5):301-302.

El bileği morfolojisi ve skafoid kırığı arasındaki ilişki: bilgisayarlı tomografi tabanlı vaka kontrol çalışması

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 259 - 265, 12.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1833391
https://izlik.org/JA23XK88JZ

Abstract

Amaç: Bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ile ölçülen el bileği morfolojisinin; özellikle, ulnar varyansın (UV), radial eğimin (RE), radial yüksekliğin (RY), skafoid volar eğimin (SVE) ve lunat volar eğimin (LVE) açık el üzerine düşme sonrası ortaya çıkan skafoid kırığı ile bağımsız olarak ilişkisinin olup olmadığı değerlendirildi.
Yöntemler: Yetmiş sekiz hastayı içeren retrospektif, BT temelli bir olgu–kontrol çalışması yapıldı (39 BT ile doğrulanmış skafoid kırığı; 39 kontrol). Doğru koronal ve fossa merkezli sagittal düzlemler elde etmek için standartlaştırılmış multiplanar rekonstrüksiyonlar kullanıldı. İki radyolog (≥10 yıl deneyimli) körleme ve tekrarlı ölçümler yaptı; gözlemciler arası ve gözlemci içi güvenilirlik ICC kullanılarak değerlendirildi ve iyi–mükemmel uyum doğrulandı. Grup karşılaştırmaları uygun şekilde t-testi veya Mann–Whitney U testi ile yapıldı; bağımsız ilişkiler çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon ile değerlendirildi. UV’nin ayırt edici gücü ROC analizi ile incelendi.
Bulgular: UV, kırık grubunda (-1.9 ± 1.6 mm) kontrol grubuna (-1.1 ± 1.6 mm) göre anlamlı olarak daha negatifti (p=0,047). RE, UV, RY, SVE ve LVE’yi içeren çok değişkenli modelde, UV tek bağımsız belirleyiciydi (B = -0,315; OR = 0,73; %95 CI 0,54–0,98; p = 0,035); diğer parametreler bağımsız olarak ilişkili değildi (p > 0,05). Model uyumu sınırlı düzeydeydi (Nagelkerke R² = 0,092). Sadece UV kullanıldığında, AUC 0,613 (%95 CI 0,479–0,732) idi. UV için, Youden-optimal eşik değeri -2,35 mm’nin altında olarak belirlendi; bu değer için duyarlılık 0,436 ve özgüllük 0,795 olarak bulundu.
Sonuç: BT’de daha negatif UV, skafoid kırığı ile bağımsız olarak ilişkili bulunmuştur; buna karşın RI, RH, SVT ve LVT ile ilişki saptanmamıştır. Ancak, genel model varyansın sınırlı bir kısmını açıklamış ve yalnızca UV zayıf ayırt edicilik göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, UV klinik risk sınıflandırması için tek başına bir araç olarak değil, yardımcı bir anatomik belirteç olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

References

  • Zander MEL, Swärd E, Björkman A, Wilcke M. Carpal fractures: epidemiology, classification and treatment of 6542 fractures from the Swedish Fracture Registry. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024;49(4):470-476. doi:10.1177/17531934231202012
  • Weber ER, Chao EY. An experimental approach to the mechanism of scaphoid waist fractures. J Hand Surg Am. 1978;3(2):142-148. doi:10. 1016/s0363-5023(78)80062-8
  • Bulut T, Akgun U, Yildiz G, Gursoy M, Onder Y. Comparison of radiographic measurement parameters of the wrist in patients with and without scaphoid fracture after fall on an outstretched hand. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2024;91(3):156-163. doi:10.55095/achot2024/021
  • Osinga R, Estermann L, Klein HJ, Schibli-Beer S, Jandali AR, Hug U. Ulnar variance in scaphoid fractures: retrospective analysis of 182 cases. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2019;24(1):13-16. doi:10.1142/S 2424835519500036
  • Turan A, Kose O, Aktan C, Unal M, Acar B, Sindel M. Radiographic analysis of anatomic risk factors for scaphoid fractures; a case-control study. Clin Imaging. 2018;51:341-346. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.06.014
  • Ramos-Escalona J, García-Bordes L, Martínez-Galarza P, Yunta-Gallo A. Ulnar variance and scaphoid fracture. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2010; 35(3):195-197. doi:10.1177/1753193409352281
  • Márquez-Florez K, Vergara-Amador E, de Las Casas EB, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Theoretical distribution of load in the radius and ulna carpal joint. Comput Biol Med. 2015;60:100-106. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2015.02.016
  • Majima M, Horii E, Matsuki H, Hirata H, Genda E. Load transmission through the wrist in the extended position. J Hand Surg Am. 2008;33(2): 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.10.018
  • Jedlinski A, Kauer JM, Jonsson K. X-ray evaluation of the true neutral position of the wrist: the groove for extensor carpi ulnaris as a landmark. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20(3):511-512. doi:10.1016/S0363-5023(05)80120-0
  • Levis CM, Yang Z, Gilula LA. Validation of the extensor carpi ulnaris groove as a predictor for the recognition of standard posteroanterior radiographs of the wrist. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27(2):252-257. doi:10. 1053/jhsu.2002.31150
  • Suojärvi N, Tampio J, Lindfors N, Waris E. Computer-aided 3D analysis of anatomy and radiographic parameters of the distal radius. Clin Anat. 2021;34(4):574-580. doi:10.1002/ca.23615
  • Smees CJ, van Es EM, Tuijthof GJM, Colaris JW, de Graaff F, Vochteloo AJH. A comparison of 3-D CT and 2-D plain radiograph measurements of the wrist in extra-articular malunited fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2024;49(5):546-553. doi:10.1177/17531934231213790
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175-191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146
  • Daniele L, McLean A, Cocks N, Kalamaras M, Bindra R, Ezekiel Tan SL. Anatomic variation in volar tilt of the scaphoid and lunate facet of the distal radius. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(11):e399-e404. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.108
  • Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2): 155-163. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
  • Lirola-Palmero S, Salvà-Coll G, Terrades-Cladera FJ. Analysis of ulnar variance as a risk factor for developing scaphoid nonunion. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol. 2015;59(3):150-156. doi:10.1016/j.recot.2014.08.002
  • Jafari D, Shariatzadeh H, Najd Mazhar F, Ghahremani MH. Ulnar variance in scaphoid nonunion. Arch Iran Med. 2013;16(5):301-302.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Emergency Medicine, Radiology and Organ Imaging
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yavuz Yüksel 0000-0002-3805-4245

Tarkan Ergün 0000-0002-2098-4145

Submission Date December 1, 2025
Acceptance Date January 7, 2026
Publication Date March 12, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1833391
IZ https://izlik.org/JA23XK88JZ
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA 1.Yüksel Y, Ergün T. Relationship between wrist morphology and scaphoid fracture: a CT-based case control study. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2026;9(2):259-265. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1833391

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