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Erişkin popülasyonda toraks anatomik varyasyonları ile doğumsal anomalilerin akciğer grafilerindeki prevalansı

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 355 - 359, 12.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1840983
https://izlik.org/JA79NF79MG

Abstract

Amaç: Torasik anatomik varyasyonlar ve konjenital anomaliler, çoğunlukla akciğer grafilerinde tesadüfen saptanan bulgulardır; ancak tanısal yorumlama, girişimsel işlemler ve cerrahi planlama açısından önemli klinik sonuçlara yol açabilirler. Geniş erişkin popülasyonlarında, özellikle Türkiye’den elde edilen prevalans verileri sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye erişkin popülasyonuna ilişkin epidemiyolojik kanıtları güçlendirmek ve uluslararası literatürde bildirilen radyolojik varyasyon verileriyle karşılaştırılabilir bir referans veri seti sunmaktır.
Yöntem: Bu retrospektif, kesitsel çalışmada 34.445 erişkine ait dijital posteroanterior akciğer grafileri incelendi. Akciğer grafilerinde saptanabilir torasik anatomik varyasyonlar ve konjenital anomaliler (azigos lobu, sağ aortik ark, hiatal herni, Chilaiditi bulgusu, situs inversus totalis ve servikal kosta), iki göğüs hastalıkları uzmanı tarafından PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) üzerinden sistematik olarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Torasik anatomik varyasyonlar ve konjenital anomaliler, 34.445 hastanın 423’ünde (%1,2) saptandı. En sık bulgu azigos lobu (%0,9) olup, bunu hiatal herni (%0,2) izledi. Sağ aortik ark, servikal kosta, Chilaiditi bulgusu ve situs inversus totalis oldukça nadir görüldü. Azigos lobu erkeklerde anlamlı olarak daha sık iken, hiatal herni ve servikal kosta kadınlarda anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p < 0,05). Gözlemciler arası uyum mükemmel düzeydeydi (κ = 0,88; p < 0,001).
Sonuç: Torasik anatomik varyasyonlar ve konjenital anomaliler nadir görülmekle birlikte, geniş erişkin popülasyonlarında göz ardı edilemeyecek sıklıktadır. Bu yapıların rutin akciğer grafilerinde sistematik olarak değerlendirilmesi, yanlış yorumlamaların önüne geçilmesine, gereksiz ileri görüntüleme tetkiklerinin azaltılmasına ve invaziv işlemler sırasında gelişebilecek komplikasyon riskinin düşürülmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Ethical Statement

Bu retrospektif çalışma, Samsun Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylandı (Karar no: GOKAEK 2025/4/2). Hasta kimlik bilgileri gizli tutuldu ve tüm işlemler Helsinki Bildirgesi’nin etik ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütüldü.

References

  • Demos TC, Posniak HV, Pierce KL, Olson MC, Muscato M. Venous anomalies of the thorax. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182(5):1139-1150. doi:10.2214/ajr.182.5.1821139
  • Mestas Nuñez M, Dulcich G, Restrepo CS, et al. Congenital lung anomalies in adults. Radiographics. 2024;44(9):e240017. doi:10.1148/rg. 240017
  • Kelly B. The chest radiograph. Ulster Med J. 2012;81(3):143-148.
  • Broder J. Imaging the chest: the chest radiograph. In: Broder J, editor. Diagnostic imaging for the emergency physician. Saunders; 2011. doi:10. 1016/B978-1-4160-6113-7.10005-5
  • Debnath J, Sreedhar CM, Mukherjee R, Maurya VK, Patrikar S, Reddy YRN. Revisiting anatomical variants on screening chest radiographs in Indian adolescents: a cross sectional observational pilot study. Med J Armed Forces India. 2018;74(4):337-345. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2017.07.010
  • McCurdie F, Benedetti G, Mak SM, Preston R, Mak D. Challenges of the chest radiograph: a pictorial review. Clin Radiol. 2020;75(Suppl 2): e16-e17. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.040
  • Al-Mnayyis A, Al-Alami Z, Altamimi N, Alawneh KZ, Aleshawi A. Azygos lobe: prevalence of an anatomical variant and its recognition among postgraduate physicians. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(7):470. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10070470
  • Bae SB, Kang EJ, Choo KS, et al. Aortic arch variants and anomalies: embryology, imaging findings, and clinical considerations. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;30(4):231-262. doi:10.4250/jcvi.2022.0058
  • Fuchs KH, Kafetzis I, Hann A, Meining A. Hiatal hernias revisited—a systematic review of definitions, classifications, and applications. Life (Basel). 2024;14(9):1145. doi:10.3390/life14091145
  • Nair N, Takieddine Z, Tariq H. Colonic interposition between the liver and diaphragm: “the Chilaiditi sign”. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 2016:2174704. doi:10.1155/2016/2174704
  • Eitler K, Bibok A, Telkes G. Situs inversus totalis: a clinical review. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:2437-2449. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S295444
  • Dashti G, Ghasemi N. Evaluation of neurovascular complication of cervical ribs. Anatomy J Iran. 2015;12:114-119.
  • Hanneman K, Newman B, Chan F. Congenital variants and anomalies of the aortic arch. Radiographics. 2017;37(1):32-51. doi:10.1148/rg. 2017160033
  • Illig KA, Donahue D, Duncan A, et al. Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(3):e23-e35. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.039

Prevalence of thoracic anatomical variations and congenital anomalies on chest radiographs in a large adult population

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 355 - 359, 12.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1840983
https://izlik.org/JA79NF79MG

Abstract

Aims: Thoracic anatomical variations and congenital anomalies are usually incidental findings on chest radiographs but may have important implications for diagnosis, interventional procedures, and surgical planning. Epidemiological data on their prevalence in large adult populations, particularly from Turkiye, remain limited. The aim of this study is to strengthen the epidemiological evidence regarding the adult population in Turkiye and to provide a reference dataset that is comparable with radiologic variation data reported in the international literature.
Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, digital posteroanterior chest radiographs of 34,445 adults. Thoracic anatomical variations and congenital anomalies detectable on chest radiographs (azygos lobe, right aortic arch, hiatal hernia, Chilaiditi sign, situs inversus totalis, and cervical rib) were systematically evaluated by two pulmonology specialists using Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
Results: Thoracic anatomical variations and congenital anomalies were identified in 423 of 34,445 patients (1.2%). The most common finding was an azygos lobe (0.9%), followed by hiatal hernia (0.2%), while right aortic arch, cervical rib, Chilaiditi sign, and situs inversus totalis were rare. Azygos lobe was significantly more frequent in males, whereas hiatal hernia and cervical rib were significantly more frequent in females (p<0.05). Interobserver agreement was excellent (κ=0.88; p<0.001).
Conclusion: Although infrequent, thoracic anatomical variations and congenital anomalies are not negligible in large adult populations. Systematic assessment of these entities on routine chest radiographs may help prevent misinterpretation, avoid unnecessary advanced imaging, and reduce the risk of complications during invasive procedures.

Ethical Statement

This retrospective study was approved by the Samsun University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Decision no: GOKAEK 2025/4/2). Patient identifiers were kept confidential, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki

References

  • Demos TC, Posniak HV, Pierce KL, Olson MC, Muscato M. Venous anomalies of the thorax. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182(5):1139-1150. doi:10.2214/ajr.182.5.1821139
  • Mestas Nuñez M, Dulcich G, Restrepo CS, et al. Congenital lung anomalies in adults. Radiographics. 2024;44(9):e240017. doi:10.1148/rg. 240017
  • Kelly B. The chest radiograph. Ulster Med J. 2012;81(3):143-148.
  • Broder J. Imaging the chest: the chest radiograph. In: Broder J, editor. Diagnostic imaging for the emergency physician. Saunders; 2011. doi:10. 1016/B978-1-4160-6113-7.10005-5
  • Debnath J, Sreedhar CM, Mukherjee R, Maurya VK, Patrikar S, Reddy YRN. Revisiting anatomical variants on screening chest radiographs in Indian adolescents: a cross sectional observational pilot study. Med J Armed Forces India. 2018;74(4):337-345. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2017.07.010
  • McCurdie F, Benedetti G, Mak SM, Preston R, Mak D. Challenges of the chest radiograph: a pictorial review. Clin Radiol. 2020;75(Suppl 2): e16-e17. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.040
  • Al-Mnayyis A, Al-Alami Z, Altamimi N, Alawneh KZ, Aleshawi A. Azygos lobe: prevalence of an anatomical variant and its recognition among postgraduate physicians. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020;10(7):470. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10070470
  • Bae SB, Kang EJ, Choo KS, et al. Aortic arch variants and anomalies: embryology, imaging findings, and clinical considerations. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;30(4):231-262. doi:10.4250/jcvi.2022.0058
  • Fuchs KH, Kafetzis I, Hann A, Meining A. Hiatal hernias revisited—a systematic review of definitions, classifications, and applications. Life (Basel). 2024;14(9):1145. doi:10.3390/life14091145
  • Nair N, Takieddine Z, Tariq H. Colonic interposition between the liver and diaphragm: “the Chilaiditi sign”. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 2016:2174704. doi:10.1155/2016/2174704
  • Eitler K, Bibok A, Telkes G. Situs inversus totalis: a clinical review. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:2437-2449. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S295444
  • Dashti G, Ghasemi N. Evaluation of neurovascular complication of cervical ribs. Anatomy J Iran. 2015;12:114-119.
  • Hanneman K, Newman B, Chan F. Congenital variants and anomalies of the aortic arch. Radiographics. 2017;37(1):32-51. doi:10.1148/rg. 2017160033
  • Illig KA, Donahue D, Duncan A, et al. Reporting standards of the Society for Vascular Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(3):e23-e35. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.039
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Respiratory Diseases
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Esra Arslan Aksu 0000-0003-0448-1801

Savaş Gegin 0000-0001-7362-8710

Burcu Özdemir 0000-0003-4678-7729

Muhammed Abdullah This is me 0009-0000-4297-838X

İkra Nur Gergin This is me 0009-0001-1690-0658

Necmiye Gül Temel 0000-0001-5188-8036

Muhammet Ali Yılmaz 0000-0001-6840-7788

Levent Özdemir 0000-0002-3478-5454

Submission Date December 12, 2025
Acceptance Date January 25, 2026
Publication Date March 12, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1840983
IZ https://izlik.org/JA79NF79MG
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA 1.Arslan Aksu E, Gegin S, Özdemir B, et al. Prevalence of thoracic anatomical variations and congenital anomalies on chest radiographs in a large adult population. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2026;9(2):355-359. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1840983

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