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Yetişkinlerde ilaç hipersensivite reaksiyonları: klinik bulgular ve ilaç profili

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2 , 370 - 376 , 12.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1842398
https://izlik.org/JA98HS74JN

Abstract

ÖZET
Giriş ve Amaç
İlaç hipersensitivite reaksiyonları (İHR), immünolojik mekanizmalarla ortaya çıkan ve son yıllarda giderek daha sık bildirilen advers ilaç reaksiyonlarıdır. Bu çalışma, Konya’daki iki üçüncü basamak merkezine başvuran yetişkin hastalarda şüpheli İHR’ lerin demografik özelliklerini ve hastaların kendileri tarafından bildirilen klinik bulgularını değerlendirmeyi amaçladı. Ayrıca, özellikle β-laktam antibiyotikler ile non-steroid anti-inflamatuar ilaçlara (NSAİİ) bağlı reaksiyonların dağılımını incelendi.
Yöntem
Bu retrospektif çalışmaya, 1 Nisan–30 Ekim 2025 tarihleri arasında şüpheli İHR ile başvuran ve tam demografik ve klinik verileri mevcut olan 138 hasta dahil edildi. Sadece immünolojik mekanizmalarla uyumlu olan ve ilacın alınmasını takiben ilk 6 saat içinde ortaya çıkan reaksiyonlar değerlendirildi. Demografik değişkenler, şüpheli ilaçlar, reaksiyon zamanı ve tipi ile eşlik eden alerjik hastalıklar elektronik tıbbi kayıtlardan elde edildi.
Bulgular
Medyan yaş 40 yıl olup hastaların %73,9’u kadındı. Klinik olarak en sık bulgu kutanöz belirtilerdi (%89,1) ve reaksiyonların %65,9’u ilk saat içinde gelişti. En sık suçlanan ilaç grupları βeta-laktam (%43,5) ve NSAİİ’ler (%40,6) idi. Anafilaksi oranı %19,6, hastaneye yatış oranı ise %69,6 olarak bulundu. İlk saat içinde gelişen reaksiyonlar, 1–6 saat içinde gelişenlere göre daha yüksek anafilaksi (%28,6 ile %2,1; p<0,001), bilinç kaybı (%19,8 ile %6,4; p=0,038) ve hastaneye yatış (%75,8 ile %57,4; p=0,026) oranları ile ilişkilendirildi. Anafilaksi, βeta-laktamlara bağlı reaksiyonlarda NSAİİ’lere kıyasla daha sık gözlendi (%30,5 ile %12,5; p=0,006). NSAİİ reaksiyonları çoğunlukla 1–6 saat içinde ortaya çıkarken, βeta-laktam reaksiyonlarının büyük kısmı ilk saat içinde gelişti (p<0,001). Daha genç hastalar (<45 yaş) kaşıntı, ilaçla ilişkili ürtiker ve abdominal ağrıyı daha sık bildirdi (sırasıyla p=0,042; 0,042; 0,014).
Sonuç
Yetişkinlerde bildirilen İHR’ larının başlıca nedenleri βeta-laktam antibiyotikler ve NSAİİ’lerdir. Özellikle βeta-laktamlar, erken başlangıçlı reaksiyonlar ve anafilaksi ile anlamlı şekilde ilişkilidir. İlaç alerjisi değerlendirmesinde hastanın anamnezine dayalı olarak klinik bulguların ayrıntılı incelenmesi esastır. Bölgesel veriler, İHR’lerin tanı ve yönetiminde daha standart yaklaşımların geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma için etik kurul onayı, Konya Şehir Hastanesi Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (Onay No: 2025/251).

Supporting Institution

Çalışma, Konya Şehir Hastanesi ve Beyhekim Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Konya, Türkiye’de yürütülmüştür.

Project Number

Not applicable

References

  • Waheed A, Hill T, Dhawan N. Drug Allergy. Prim Care. 2016;43(3):393-400. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.04.005
  • Thong BY, Tan TC. Epidemiology and risk factors for drug allergy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(5):684-700. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03774.x
  • Nacsa R, Matuz M, Papfalvi E, et al. Prevalence and risk assessment of drug allergies in hospitalized patients: potential for allergy delabeling. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2025;213:107240. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107240
  • Doña I, Torres MJ, Celik G, Phillips E, Tanno LK, Castells M. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of drug allergy. Allergy. 2024;79(3):613-628. doi:10.1111/all.15970
  • Guyer AC, Macy E, White AA, et al. Allergy electronic health record documentation: a 2022 work group report of the AAAAI adverse reactions to drugs, biologicals, and latex Committee. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(11):2854-2867. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.08.020
  • Samarakoon U, Accarino J, Wurcel AG, Jaggers J, Judd A, Blumenthal KG. Penicillin allergy delabeling: opportunities for implementation and dissemination. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(5):554-564. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.12.023
  • Brockow K, Aberer W, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, et al. Drug allergy passport and other documentation for patients with drug hypersensitivity: an ENDA/EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group Position Paper. Allergy. 2016;71(11):1533-1539. doi:10.1111/all.12929
  • Caruso C, Valluzzi RL, Colantuono S, Gaeta F, Romano A. β-lactam allergy and cross-reactivity: a clinician's guide to selecting an alternative antibiotic. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:31-46. doi:10.2147/jaa.S242061
  • Maker JH, Stroup CM, Huang V, James SF. Antibiotic hypersensitivity mechanisms. Pharmacy (Basel). 2019;7(3):122. doi:10.3390/pharmacy 7030122
  • Yeung WYW, Park HS. Update on the management of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity. Yonsei M J. 2020;61(1):4-14. doi:10.3349/ymj.2020.61.1.4
  • Dalgıç CT. Clinical features of drug allergy and factors affecting drug-related anaphylaxis: single-center experience of the tertiary university hospital. Cumhuriyet Med J. 2023;45(3):64-72.
  • Zhao Y, Sun S, Li X, et al. Drug-induced anaphylaxis in China: a 10 year retrospective analysis of the Beijing Pharmacovigilance Database. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(5):1349-1358. doi:10.1007/s11096-017-0535-2
  • Dhopeshwarkar N, Sheikh A, Doan R, et al. Drug-induced anaphylaxis documented in electronic health records. J Allergy C Immunol Practice. 2019;7(1):103-111. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.06.010
  • Doña I, Blanca-López N, Torres MJ, et al. Drug hypersensitivity reactions: response patterns, drug involved, and temporal variations in a large series of patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22(5):363-371.
  • Kawsomboon T, Sangsupawanich P, Koosakulchai V, Ratchatawiriyakul P, Srisuk B, Yuenyongviwat A. Identifying key risk factors for severe pediatric anaphylaxis in children aged 0 to 15: evidence from a Thai study. Asia Pac Allergy. 2025;15(3):192-197. doi:10.5415/apallergy. 0000000000000210
  • Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ. The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(2):335-348. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.003
  • Cardona V, Ansotegui IJ, Ebisawa M, et al. World allergy organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(10):100472. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100472
  • Jimenez-Rodriguez TW, Garcia-Neuer M, Alenazy LA, Castells M. Anaphylaxis in the 21st century: phenotypes, endotypes, and biomarkers. J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:121-142. doi:10.2147/jaa.S159411
  • Yıldız E, Arslan Ş, Çölkesen F, Evcen R, Sadi Aykan F, Kılınç M. Anaphylaxis in older adult patients: a 10-year retrospective experience. World Allergy Organ J. 2022;15(7):100665. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2022. 100665
  • Aurich S, Dölle-Bierke S, Francuzik W, et al. Anaphylaxis in elderly patients-data From the European Anaphylaxis Registry. Front Immunol. 2019;10:750. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00750

Drug hypersensitivity reactions in adults: clinical patterns and drug profile

Year 2026, Volume: 9 Issue: 2 , 370 - 376 , 12.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1842398
https://izlik.org/JA98HS74JN

Abstract

Aims: Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are immunologically mediated adverse drug reactions increasingly reported in recent years. This study aimed to assess the demographic characteristics and self-reported clinical features of adults presenting with suspected DHRs to two tertiary centers in Konya, Türkiye, and to examine the distribution of reactions attributed to β-lactam antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Methods: This retrospective study included 138 patients who presented with suspected DHRs between 1 April and 30 October 2025 and had complete demographic and clinical data. Only reactions compatible with immunological mechanisms and occurring within the first 6 hours after drug intake were evaluated. Demographic variables, culprit drugs, reaction timing and type, and coexisting allergic diseases were extracted from electronic medical records.
Results: The median age was 40 years, and 73.9% were female. Cutaneous manifestations were the predominant presentation (89.1%), and 65.9% of reactions occurred within the first hour. β-lactams (43.5%) and NSAIDs (40.6%) were the main implicated drugs. The anaphylaxis rate was 19.6%, and 69.6% required hospitalization. Reactions within the first hour were associated with higher rates of anaphylaxis (28.6% vs. 2.1%; p<0.001), loss of consciousness (19.8% vs. 6.4%; p=0.038), and hospitalization (75.8% vs. 57.4%; p=0.026) than reactions at 1–6 hours. Anaphylaxis was more frequent in β-lactam reactions than NSAIDs (30.5% vs. 12.5%; p=0.006). NSAID reactions appeared at 1–6 hours, while β-lactam ones were largely within the first hour (p<0.001). Younger patients (<45 years) more frequently exhibited itching, urticaria, and abdominal pain (p=0.042; 0.042; 0.014, respectively).
Conclusion: β-lactam antibiotics and NSAIDs are the leading causes of reported DHRs in adults. β-lactams are particularly associated with early-onset reactions and anaphylaxis. Detailed assessment of clinical features is essential when evaluating drug allergy based on patient history. Regional data may contribute to developing more standardized diagnostic and management approaches for DHRs.

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval was received for this study from the Ethics Committee of Konya City Hospital, who approved this study protocol (2025/251).

Supporting Institution

This study was conducted at Konya City Hospital and Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Türkiye.

Project Number

Not applicable

Thanks

Not applicable

References

  • Waheed A, Hill T, Dhawan N. Drug Allergy. Prim Care. 2016;43(3):393-400. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2016.04.005
  • Thong BY, Tan TC. Epidemiology and risk factors for drug allergy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(5):684-700. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03774.x
  • Nacsa R, Matuz M, Papfalvi E, et al. Prevalence and risk assessment of drug allergies in hospitalized patients: potential for allergy delabeling. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2025;213:107240. doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107240
  • Doña I, Torres MJ, Celik G, Phillips E, Tanno LK, Castells M. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of drug allergy. Allergy. 2024;79(3):613-628. doi:10.1111/all.15970
  • Guyer AC, Macy E, White AA, et al. Allergy electronic health record documentation: a 2022 work group report of the AAAAI adverse reactions to drugs, biologicals, and latex Committee. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(11):2854-2867. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2022.08.020
  • Samarakoon U, Accarino J, Wurcel AG, Jaggers J, Judd A, Blumenthal KG. Penicillin allergy delabeling: opportunities for implementation and dissemination. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(5):554-564. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.12.023
  • Brockow K, Aberer W, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, et al. Drug allergy passport and other documentation for patients with drug hypersensitivity: an ENDA/EAACI Drug Allergy Interest Group Position Paper. Allergy. 2016;71(11):1533-1539. doi:10.1111/all.12929
  • Caruso C, Valluzzi RL, Colantuono S, Gaeta F, Romano A. β-lactam allergy and cross-reactivity: a clinician's guide to selecting an alternative antibiotic. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:31-46. doi:10.2147/jaa.S242061
  • Maker JH, Stroup CM, Huang V, James SF. Antibiotic hypersensitivity mechanisms. Pharmacy (Basel). 2019;7(3):122. doi:10.3390/pharmacy 7030122
  • Yeung WYW, Park HS. Update on the management of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity. Yonsei M J. 2020;61(1):4-14. doi:10.3349/ymj.2020.61.1.4
  • Dalgıç CT. Clinical features of drug allergy and factors affecting drug-related anaphylaxis: single-center experience of the tertiary university hospital. Cumhuriyet Med J. 2023;45(3):64-72.
  • Zhao Y, Sun S, Li X, et al. Drug-induced anaphylaxis in China: a 10 year retrospective analysis of the Beijing Pharmacovigilance Database. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(5):1349-1358. doi:10.1007/s11096-017-0535-2
  • Dhopeshwarkar N, Sheikh A, Doan R, et al. Drug-induced anaphylaxis documented in electronic health records. J Allergy C Immunol Practice. 2019;7(1):103-111. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.06.010
  • Doña I, Blanca-López N, Torres MJ, et al. Drug hypersensitivity reactions: response patterns, drug involved, and temporal variations in a large series of patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22(5):363-371.
  • Kawsomboon T, Sangsupawanich P, Koosakulchai V, Ratchatawiriyakul P, Srisuk B, Yuenyongviwat A. Identifying key risk factors for severe pediatric anaphylaxis in children aged 0 to 15: evidence from a Thai study. Asia Pac Allergy. 2025;15(3):192-197. doi:10.5415/apallergy. 0000000000000210
  • Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ. The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(2):335-348. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.003
  • Cardona V, Ansotegui IJ, Ebisawa M, et al. World allergy organization anaphylaxis guidance 2020. World Allergy Organ J. 2020;13(10):100472. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100472
  • Jimenez-Rodriguez TW, Garcia-Neuer M, Alenazy LA, Castells M. Anaphylaxis in the 21st century: phenotypes, endotypes, and biomarkers. J Asthma Allergy. 2018;11:121-142. doi:10.2147/jaa.S159411
  • Yıldız E, Arslan Ş, Çölkesen F, Evcen R, Sadi Aykan F, Kılınç M. Anaphylaxis in older adult patients: a 10-year retrospective experience. World Allergy Organ J. 2022;15(7):100665. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2022. 100665
  • Aurich S, Dölle-Bierke S, Francuzik W, et al. Anaphylaxis in elderly patients-data From the European Anaphylaxis Registry. Front Immunol. 2019;10:750. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00750
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Allergy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatma Arzu Akkuş 0000-0003-0519-7132

Tuğba Önalan 0000-0003-2427-5925

Project Number Not applicable
Submission Date December 15, 2025
Acceptance Date January 29, 2026
Publication Date March 12, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1842398
IZ https://izlik.org/JA98HS74JN
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA 1.Akkuş FA, Önalan T. Drug hypersensitivity reactions in adults: clinical patterns and drug profile. J Health Sci Med / JHSM. 2026;9(2):370-376. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1842398

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