An Investigation on the Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils with Ornamental Plants

Abstract

Today, pollution caused by heavy metals is one of the important issues that spread rapidly in urban and industrial areas and have great environmental impacts. Although it is possible to rehabilitate heavy metal-contaminated soils using chemical, physical, or biological techniques, physical and chemical methods of remediating heavy metal-contaminated soils are costly, time-consuming, and environmentally damaging. Therefore, in recent years, scientists and engineers have tried to design and develop biological techniques that can clean and replace heavy metal-contaminated places without adverse effects on soil fertility and biodiversity, and as a result they have come up with "Phytoremediation Systems". Many ornamental plants can extract a few toxic metals from the soil and store them in their organs in large quantities, and at the same time survive without showing signs of toxicity. Plant breeding is the natural abilities of these plants, including some ornamental plants used in landscape architecture. The determination of the usability of these plants constitutes an important basis for the purification of environmental pollution in landscaping studies. This article aims to explain the potential use of ornamental plants for phytoremediation of polluted environments and their impact on the landscape. This study is expected to provide a guiding way for future researchers to explore the scope of phytoremediation using ornamental plants.

Keywords

• Heavy metals
• ornamental plants
• contaminated soil
• phytoremediation

References

1. Acar RU, Özkul C, (2020) Investigation of heavy metal pollution in roadside soils and road dusts along the Kütahya–Eskişehir highway. Arab J Geosci. 13(5),1–11. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-020-5206-2
2. Akpınar Külekçi A, (2019) Usability of Tulipa sp. in phytoremediation, among improvement techniques using plants, its role in the mitigation of environmental pollution in urban areas, the sample of Erzurum City, Turkey. Int J Ecosyst Ecol Sci. 9(1),141–154.
3. Al-samman AM, Imran M, Bakht M A, Siddique N A, (2020) GC-MS/MS based metabolite profiling and evaluation of antimicrobial properties of emblica officinalis leaves extract. Jordan J. Bio. Sci., 13.
4. Ärup L, (2003) “Hazards of heavy metal contamination” British medical bulletin, 68(1),167-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldg032
5. Athanasopoulo, A, Kollaros G, (2016) Heavy metal contamination of soil due to road traffic. Am J Eng Res. 5(12):354–363. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319610311000846
6. Baba A, Gündüz O, Save D, Gürdal G, Sülün S, Bozcu M, Özcan H, (2009) Madencilik faaliyetlerinin tıbbı jeoloji açısından değerlendirilmesi, 62. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, 514-515. Ankara.
7. Bizily SP, Rugh C L, Summers AO, Meagher R B, (1999) Phytoremediation of methylmercury pollution: merB expression in Arabidopsis thaliana confers resistance to organomercurials. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 96, pp. 6808-6813. https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.96.12.6808
8. Boros-Lajszner E, Wyszkowska J, Kucharski J, (2021) Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with nickel, cadmium, and cobalt. Int J Phytoremediation. 23(3),252–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2020.1807907

9. Brooks RP, O’Connell TJ, Wardrop DH, Laura EJ, (1998) Towards a regional index of biological integrity: The example of forested riparian systems. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 51,131-143. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4976-1_10
10. Capuana M, (2020) A review of the performance of woody and herbaceous ornamental plants for phytoremediation in urban areas. iForest. 13(1),139–15. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor3242-013
11. Clemens S, (2006). Toxic metal accumulation, responses to exposure and mechanisms of tolerance in plants, Biochimie, 88, 1707-1719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.003
12. Çağlarırmak N, Hepçimen AZ, (2010) Ağır metal toprak kirliliğinin gıda zinciri ve insan sağlığına etkisi. Akademik Gıda, 8(2), 31-35. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/akademik-gida/issue/55834/764810
13. Deepika GP, Haritash AK, (2023) Phytoremediation potential of ornamental plants for heavy metal removal from contaminated soil: a critical review. Horticul., Environm., & Biotech., 1-26. https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/full/10.1139/er-2017-0022
14. Dushenkov D, Kumar P, Motto H, Raskin I, (1995) Rhizoflteration: the use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environ Sci Technol 29,1239–1245. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es00005a015.
15. Dushenkov D, Vasudev D, Kapulnik Y, Gleba D, Fleisher D, Ting T, Ensley B, (1997) Removal of uranium from water using terrestrial plants. Environ Sci Technol 12,3468–3474. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es970220l Environmental Protection Agency, (2014) Human Health, http://www.epa.gov/hg/health.htm
16. Erkmen O, (2010) Gıda kaynaklı tehlikeler ve güvenli gıda üretimi, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi. 53(3), 220-235. https://www.cshd.org.tr/uploads/pdf_CSH_390.pdf
17. Food Standart Agency (FSA), (2009) Survey on measurement of the concentrations of metals and other elements from the 2006 UK. http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis0109metals
18. Formicki G, Stawarz R, Greń A, Muchacka R, (2012) ‘’Cadmium Copper Lead and Zinc concentrations in low quality wines and alcohol containing drinks from Italy, Bulgaria and Poland, J. Microbio. Biotech. & Food Sci., 1:753-768. https://office2.jmbfs.org/index.php/JMBFS/ article/view/7399/1622
19. Ghosh M, Singh S P, (2005) A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by-products. App. Ecology and Environ. Res., 3, 1–18. DOI:10.15666/AEER/0301_001018
20. Gratao P L, Prasad M NV, Cardoso PF, Lea P J, Azevedo, RA, (2005) Phytoremediation: green technology for the clean-up of toxic metals in the environment. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol. 17, pp. 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202005000100005
21. Hercer H, Wyszkowski M, Modrzewska B, (2016) Impact of traffic on the content of trace elements in soils along state road 53 (Poland). Fresn Environ Bull. 25(3),719–731. https://doi.org/10.5555/20163238058
22. Hołtra A, Zamorska-Wojdyła D, (2016) The environmental pollution with copper and zinc along the communication routes in Wrocław, Poland. Environ Prot Eng. 42(3),153–165. https://doi.org/10.5277/epe160312
23. Huang R, Dong M, Mao P, Zhuang P, Paz-Ferreiro J, Li Y, Li Z, (2020) Evaluation of phytoremediation potential of fve Cd (hyperaccumulators) in two Cd contaminated soils. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137581
24. Imamul Huq SM, Joardar JC, Parvin S, (2005) Marigold (Tagetes patula) and ornamental arum (Syngonia sp.) as phytoremediators for arsenic in pot soil, Bang. J. Bot., 34 (2), 65-70.
25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289470867_Marigold_Tagetes_patula_and_ornamental_arum_Syngonia_sp_as_phytoremediators_for_arsenic_in_pot_soil#fullTextFileContent
26. Işık K, (2004) Bitki Biyolojisi, Palme Yayıncılık, 497. (ISBN: 975-8624-90) Ankara.
27. Jorge L, Gardea-Torresdeya B, Jose, R, Peralta-Videab G, De la Rosaa J G, (2005) Phytoremediation of heavy metals and study of the metal coordination by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 249, pp. 1797–1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.001
28. Kaushal A, Gupta, M, Malik J A, (2023) Potential of Ornamental Plants for Phytoremediation. In Bioremediation and Phytoremediation Technologies in Sustainable Soil Management (pp. 23-45). Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.001
29. Khalilova H, Mammadov V, (2016) Assessing the anthropogenic impact on heavy metal pollution of soils and sediments in Urban areas of Azerbaijan’s oil industrial region. Pol J Environ Stud. 25(1),159–166. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/60723
30. Khan AHA, Kiyani A, Mirza CR, Butt TA, Barros R, Ali B, Iqbal M, Yousaf S, (2021) Ornamental plants for the phytoremediation of heavy metals: Present knowledge and future perspectives. Environ Res. 195,110780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110780
31. Kompała-Bąba A, Bierza W, Sierka E, Błońska A, Besenyei L, Woźniak G, (2021) The role of plants and soil properties in the enzyme activities of substrates on hard coal mine spoil heaps. Sci Rep. 11(1),5155. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84673-0
32. Kristanti RA, Hadibarata T, (2023) Phytoremediation of Contaminated Water using Aquatic Plants, Its Mechanism and Enhancement. Curr. Op. Environ. Sci.e & Health, 100451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100451
33. Lasat M M, (2002) Phytoextraction of toxic metals – A review of biological mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 31, pp. 109–120. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.1090
34. Lee J, (2013) An overview of phytoremediation as a potentially promising technology for environmental pollution control. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 18,431–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-013-0193-8
35. Liu JN, Zhou QX, Sun T, Ma L Q, Wang S, (2008a) Identification and chemical enhancement of two ornamental plants for phytoremediation, Bull. Environ. Cont. & Toxi., 80, 260-265. https://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=24624&tip=sid&clean=0
36. Liu JN, Zhou QX., Sun T, Ma LQ, Wang S, (2008b) Growth responses of three ornamental plants to Cd and Cd-Pb stress and their metal accumulation characteristics, J. Hazar. Mat., 151(1), 261-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.016
37. Liu W, Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Hua T, Cai Z, (2011) Evaluation of cadmium phytoremediation potential in chinese cabbage cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. 59:8324–8330. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf201454w.
38. Liu X, Song Q, Tang Y, Li W, Xu J, Wu J, (2013) Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil–vegetable system: A multi-medium analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 463,530-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.064
39. Majer B J, Tscherko D, Paschke A, (2002) Effects of heavy metal contamination of soils on micronucleus induction in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: a comparative investigation. Mutation Res. vol. 515, pp. 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00004-9
40. Manios T, Stentiford EI, Millner PA, (2003) The Effect of Heavy Metals Accumulation on the Chlorophyll Concentration of Typha Latifolia L. Plants, Growing in A Substrate Containing Sewage Sludge Compost and Watered with Metaliferus Water. Ecologicalengineering, 20(1), pp: 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8574(03)00004-1
41. Manzoor M, Gul I, Silvestre J, Kallerhof, J, Arshad M, (2018) Screening of indigenous ornamental species from diferent plant families for Pb accumulation potential exposed to metal gradient in spiked soils. Soil Sed. Contam 27(5):439–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2018.1488238.
42. Meers E, Ruttens A, Hopgood M J, Samson D, Tack FMK, (2005) Comparison of EDTA and EDDS as potential soil amendments for enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals, Chemos. 58 pp.1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.047
43. Moffat AS, (1995) Plants proving their worth in toxic metal cleanup. Science, vol. 269, pp. 302-303. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5222.302
44. Mulligan CN, Yong RN, Gibbs BF, (2001) Remediation technologies for metal contaminated soils and groundwater: an evaluation, Engin. Geol., 60, 193-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00101-0
45. Önder S, Dursun S, Gezgin S, Demirbas A, (2007) Determination of heavy metal pollution in grass and soil of city centre green areas (Konya, Turkey). Int J Ecosyst Ecol Sci. 16(1),145–154. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Serpil-Oender/publication/285707934
46. Pilon-Smits, E A H, (2005) Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol. 56, pp. 15–39. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144214
47. Poddar AK, (2023) Phytoremediatıon for Greener and Cleaner Planet. Eur. Chem. Bull. 2023, 12 (1), 2254 – 2260
48. Prasad MNV, (2007) Sunflower (Helinathus annuus L.)-A Potentıal Crop for Envıronmental Industry/Gırasol (Helianthus Annuus L.)-Cultıvo Potencıal Para La Industrıa Ecológıca/Le Tournesol (Helianthus Annuus L.) Culture Potentıelle Dans L’ındustrıe Écologıque. Helia, 30(46), 167-174. https: //doi.org/10.2298/hel0746167p/html
49. Prasad M N V, Freitas H, (2003) Metal hyperaccumulation in plants – Biodiversity prospecting for phytoremediation technology. Elec. J. Biotech., 6, pp. 275– 321. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-34582003000300012&script=sci_arttext
50. Rolka E, Żołnowski AC, Sadowska M M, (2020) Assessment of heavy metal content in soils adjacent to the DK16-Route in Olsztyn (North-Eastern Poland). Pol J Environ Stud. 29 (6),4303–4311. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/118384
51. Sezen İ., Akpınar Külekçi, E, (2020) Süs Bitkilerinin Gelişim Parametreleri Üzerine Bitki Gelişimini Teşvik Eden Bakterilerin Etkisi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34 (Özel Sayı), 9-20.
52. Schnoor JL, Light LA, Mc Cutcheon SC, Wolfe NL, Carreia LH, (1995) Phytoremediation of organic and nutrient contaminants. Environ Sci Technol, 29(7),318A-323A. https://doi.org/10.1021/es000 07a002
53. Siddique NA, Al-Samman AMMA, (2022) Silver nanoparticles synthesized via green chemistry with the aid of Delphinium denudatum Wall. root extract modulated gentamicin nephrotoxicity activity with respect to oxidative potential. Adv. Natural Sci.: Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, 13 (1), 015003. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/ac5497
54. Siddique NA, Mujeeb M, Ahmad S, Panda B P, Makhmoor M, (2013) Determination of aflatoxins in medicinal plants by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J. Phar. & Pharm. Sci., 16 (2), 321-330. https://doi.org/10.18433/J3MK6P
55. Sheoran V, Sheoran AS, Poonia P, (2016) Factors affecting phytoextraction: a review. Pedosphere. 26(2), 148–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60032-7
56. Stresty TVS, Madhava Rao KV, (1999) Ultrastructural alterations in response to zinc and nickel stress in the root cell of pigeonpea, Environ Exp Bot., 41, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(98)00034-3
57. Sykes M, Yang V, Blankenburg J, Abu Bakr S, (1999). Biotechnology: working with nature to improve forest resources and products. Int. Conf. Environ., 29, 631-637.
58. Tayfur M, (2009) Zehirli Ağır Metallerin Gıda Kaynaklı Enfeksiyonlar ve Zehirlenmeler, 1. s.243-77, Baskı, Kuban Matbaacılık, Ankara.
59. Tordoff G M, Baker A JM, Willis A J, (2000) Current approaches to the revegetation and reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes. Chemos., vol. 41, pp. 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00414-2
60. Umer S, Hussain M, (2023) Adaptation of ornamental species for phytoremediation to minimize lead pollution in urban areas. Int. J. Environ. Sci. & Tech., 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04855-3
61. United Nations, (2019) World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York, USA. 52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-008-9165-7
62. Vural H, (1993) Ağır metal iyonlarının gıdalarda oluşturduğu kirlilikle. Çevre Dergisi 8, 3-8.
63. Wei S, Silva J, Zhou Q, (2008) Agro-improving method of phytoextracting heavy metal contaminated soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 150, 662–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.05.014
64. Wu M, Luo Q, Liu S, Zhao Y, Long Y, Pan Y, (2018) Screening ornamental plants to identify potential Cd hyperaccumulators for bioremediation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 162,35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.049
65. Wu X, Cobbina SJ, Mao G, Xu H, Zhnag, (2016) A review of toxicity and mechanismsof individual and mixtures of heavy metals in the environment. Environ. Sci Pollut. Res. 23,8244–8259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6333-x
66. Yap CK, Yaacob A, Tan WS, Al-Mutairi KA, Cheng WH, Wong KW, Berandah Edward F, Ismail MS, You CF, Chew W, (2022) Potentially toxic metals in the high-biomass non-hyperaccumulating plant Amaranthus viridis: human health risks and phytoremediation potentials. Biol. 11(3),389. https://doi:10.3390/biology11030389
67. Yasin G, Rahman SU, Yousaf MTB, Azhar MF, Zahid DM, Imtiaz M, Hussain B, (2021) Phytoremediation potential of E. camaldulensis and M. alba for copper, cadmium, and lead absorption in urban areas of Faisalabad City, Pakistan. Int J Environ Res. 15(4),597–612. https://doi:10.1007/s41742-021-00330-4