COMPARISON OF THE AVERAGE DIFFERENCES OF POSITIVE FREQUENCIES WITH Q FEVER AMONG FARM ANIMALS BETWEEN REGIONS OF THE WESTERN PART OF NORTH MACEDONIA WITH THE STATISTICAL METHOD ANOVA

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3, 106 - 112, 30.09.2021

Mije Reçi Mirela Lika Klementina Puto Puto

Öz

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the ubiquitous pathogen Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium. Farm animals and pets are the main reservoirs of infection, and transmission to human beings is mainly accomplished through inhalation of contaminated aerosols. The objective of this study was to investigate the comparison of the average differences of positive frequencies with Q fever in farm animals in five regions of western North Macedonia, with the statistical method of Anova and the homogeneity of the regions. From 1120 tested serums, 178 resulted positive, with deviation of the average from one region to another. The Kicevo region had the highest overall average of 0.28 compared to the Gostivar region average of 0.08. It was concluded that the difference between the groups is statistically significant for the level of reliability 0.01. Homogeneity with the Tukey method showed that the sample frequencies in the regions of Dibra and Kicevo were 0.26 and 0.28 above the general average, while in the regions of Gostivar, Tetovo and Struga were 0.15 below the general average and it was concluded that there is a connection between the regions in the spread of Q fever infection. The definite diagnosis of Q fever is made based on a significant increase in serum antibody titers. The serums were conserved in -30 °C and as a serological test ELISA from ID vet Monpelie France was used, which was carried out based on its relevant protocol using purified antigen of C. burnetii.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Q-fever, Zoonosis, Anova, Pathogen, Antibody

Kaynakça

• Angelakis, E. and Raoult, D., 2010, Q fever, Veterinary Microbiology 140, 297–309.
• Das, D.P., Malik, S.V.S., Mohan, V., Rawool D.B. and Barbudhe, S.B., 2013, Screening of fecal droppings of wild birds for coxiellosis by a duplex PCR targeting Com1 and IS1111 genes of Coxiella burnetii, Journal of Food Research and Technology 1, 14–20.
• de Lange, M.M.A., Hukkelhoven, C.W.P.M., Munster, J.M., Schneeberger, P.M., van der Hoek W. 2015, Nationwide registry‐based ecological analysis of Q fever incidence and pregnancy outcome.
• Drancourt, M., Raoult, D., 2005, Palaeomicrobiology: current issues and perspectives, Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 3, pages 23–35.
• Eldin, C., Melenotte, C., Mediannikov, O., Ghigo, E., Million, M., Edouard, S., Mege, JL., Maurin M., Raoult, D., 2017, From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 10.1128/CMR.00045-16.
• Grace, D., Mutua, F., Ochungo, P., Kruska, R.L., Jones, K., Brierley, L., Lapar, L., Said, M., Herrero, M., Phuc, P.M., Thao, N.B., Akuku, I. and Ogutu, F., 2012, p.119, Mapping of poverty and likely zoonoses hotspots, Zoonoses Project 4. Report to the UK Department for International Development. International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi.
• Guatteo, R., Seegers, H., Taurel, AF., Joly A., Beaudeau, F., 2011, Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review, Veterinary Microbiology.
• Guatteo, R., Seegers. H., Taurel, A.‐F., Joly, A., Beaudeau, F., 2011, Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review, Veterinary Microbiology. 149, 1–16.
• Johnson, Sh.A.M., Kaneene, J.B., Asare‐Dompreh, K., Tasiame, W., Mensah, I.G., Afakye, K., Simpson, Sh.V. and Addo, K., 2019, Seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle, sheep and goats in the Volta region of Ghana, Vet Med Sci. 2019 Aug; 5(3): 402–411. Published online 2019 Mar 11. doi: 10.1002/vms3.160
• Kersh, G.J., Wolfe, T.M., Fitzpatrick, K.A., Candee, A.J., Oliver, L.D., Patterson, N.E., Self, J.S., Priestley, R.A., Loftis, A.D. and Massung, R.F*., 2010, Presence of Coxiella burnetii DNA in the Environment of the United States, 2006 to 2008▿Appl Environ Microbiol. 76(13): 4469–4475. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00042-10
• OIE, 2013, Except in New Zealand ‐ World Organization for animal health. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Available from: http://www.oie.int/international-standard setting/terrestrial‐manual/Access‐online. Accessed on 13‐06‐2016.
• Porter, S.R., Czaplicki, G., Mainil, J., Guattéo, R., Saegerman, C., 2011, Q Fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis, International Journal of Microbiology.
• Rad, N.K., Aizzadeh, M., Mehrzard, J., Rashtiaf, M., 2014, Seroepidemilogy of Coxiellosis (Q Fever) in sheep and goat populations in the northeast of Iran, Iran Journal of Veterinary Research 15, 1–6.
• Radolakis, A., Berri, M., Héchard, C., Caudron, C., Souriau, A., Bodier, C.C., Blanchard, B., Camuset, P., Devillechaise, P., Natorp, J.C., Vadet, J.P., Arricau-Bouvery, N., 2007, Comparison of Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk of dairy bovine, caprine, and ovine herds, Journal of Dairy Science 90, 5352–5360.
• Ratmanov, P., Bassene, H., Fenollar, F., Tall, A., Sokhna, C., Raoult, D., Mediannikov, O., 2013, The correlation of Q fever and Coxiella burnetii DNA in household environments in rural Senegal, Vector‐Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 13, 70–72.
• Reçi, M., Ademi, M., Elezi, N., The infection of Coxiella burnetii in humans in the age group over 40 years in the western part of North Macedonia, International Journal - Knowledge, ISSN 2545–4439, ISSN 1857-923X, Scientific Papers, Vol. 40.3. Natural, Biotechnical & Technological sciences, pp. 585-593, Skopje 2020.
• Schimmer, B., Lenferink, A., Schneeberger, P., Aangenend, H., Vellema, P., Hautvast, J., Duynhoven, van Y., 2012, Seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) seropositivity in dairy goat farmers' households in The Netherlands, 2009–2010. PLoS ONE.
• White, B., Brooks, T. and Seaton, R.A., 2013, Q fever in military and paramilitary personnel in conflict zones: case report and review, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 11, 134–137.
• Wielders, C.C.H., van Loenhout, J.A.F., Morroy, G., Rietveld, A., Notermans, D.W., Wever, P.C., Renders, N.H.M., Leenders, A.C.A.P., van der Hoek, W., Schneeberger, P.M., 2015, Long‐term serological follow‐up of acute Q‐fever patients after a large epidemic, PLoS ONE 10, e0131848 10.1371/journal.pone.0131848.