Microbial Enzyme Remediation of Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH’s): A review

Year 2022, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 10 - 21, 30.03.2022

Fidelis Okolafor , Frederick Osaro Ekhaise

Abstract

Pollution of soil by Polyromantic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) has continued to draw serious concern due to their recalcitrant nature. These PAHs pollutant can survive in the soil for long time, causing deleterious effect to plant, animals and humans. Microbial break down or utilization of PAHs by bacteria and fungi population within the polluted environment can be achieved through biostimulation or bioaugumentation technology by enzymes embedded in the microbial cells. Density, viscosity, pour-point and solubility are some of the physicochemical parameters that may influence microbial response to PAHs. Lack of nutrients, temperature, pH, oxygen are major factors that slows down PAH remediation. The degradation of PAH follows dioxygenase catalyzed oxidation of arenes in aerobic microbial population to yield Vicinal and Vicinal Cis-dihydrodiols. Cis, cis-muconic acid (ortho-cleavage) and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (meta-cleavage) is the final product of enzyme catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) catalyzed degradation of PAH in the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA). The ability of microbial isolates to produce significant enzymes such as C12O, C23O highlights their future remediation significance.

Keywords

Polyaromantic Hydrocarbons, Biostimulation, Bioaugumentation, Enzymes, Remediation, Ortho-cleavage, Meta-cleavage, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

References

• 1. Abed, R. M. M., Al-Sabahi, J., Al-Maqrashi, F., Al-Habsi, A. and Al-Hinai, M. (2014). Characterization of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated sediments in the Sultanate of Oman and evaluation of bioaugmentation and biostimulation approaches in microcosm experiments. Int. J. Environ. Bioremediat. Biodegrad. 89, 58–66. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.01.006
• 2. Abioye, O. P., Agamuthu, P., Aziz, A. R. A. (2012). Biodegradation of Used Motor Oil in Soil Using Organic Waste Amendments. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/587041
• 3. Adeniji, A. O., Okoh, O. O., Okoh, A. I. (2017). Analytical Methods for the Determination of the Distribution of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Water and Sediment of Aquatic Systems : A Review. 2017. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5178937
• 4. Agamuthu, P., Tan, Y. S., Fauziah, S. H., 2013. Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Selected Organic Wastes Bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil using selected organic wastes. Procedia Environ. Sci. 18, 694–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2013.04.094
• 5. Al-Sulaimani, Al-Wahaibi, Y., Al-Bahry, S. N., 2010. “Experimental investigation of biosurfactants produced by Bacillus species and their potential for MEOR in Omani oil field,.” Proceedings of the SPE EOR Conference at Oil and Gas West Asia, April 2010 (OGWA ’10), 378–386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2118/129228-ms
• 6. Atagana, H. I., 2008. Compost bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil inoculated with organic manure. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7, 10, 1516–1525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/714037721
• 7. Atlas, R. M., Bartha, R., 1998. Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications. (4th ed.). Addison Wesley Longman.
• 8. Atlas, R. M., Philp, J., 2005. Bioremediation: applied microbial solutions for real-world environmental cleanup. American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Press, Washington, DC, 78–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817596
• 9. Bidoia, E. D., Montagnolli, R. N., Lopes, P. R. M., 2010. Microbial biodegradation potential of hydrocarbons evaluated by colorimetric technique: a case study. In: Méndez-Vilas, A. (eds.). Current research, technology and education topics in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology (2nd ed.). Formatex Research Center.
• 10. Bundy, J. G., Paton, G. I. and Campbell, C. D., 2002. Microbial communities in different soils types do not converge after diesel contamination. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92, 276–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01528.x
• 11. Cerqueira, V.S., Peralba, M. C. R., Camargo, F. A. O., Bento, F. M., 2014. Comparison of bioremediation strategies for soil impacted with petrochemical oily sludge. Int. J. Environ. Bioremediat. Biodegrad. 95, 338–345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.08.015
• 12. Chaillan, F., Le Fl`eche, A., Bury, E., 2004. “Identification and biodegradation potential of tropical aerobic hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms,.” Res. Microbiol 155(7), 587–595. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/s0923-2508(04)00104-4
• 13. Chikere, B., C., Okpokwasili, G., C., Chikere, B. C., 2011. Monitoring of microbial hydrocarbon remediation in the soil. Biotech. 1(3), 117–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-011-0014-8
• 14. Chikere, C. B., Okpokwasili, G. C., Chikere, B. O., 2009. Bacterial diversity in a tropical crude oil-polluted soil undergoing bioremediation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 2535–2540.
• 15. Chikere, C. B., 2013. Application of Molecular Microbiology Techniques in Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons and Other Pollutants. Biotechnol J. Int. 3(1), 90–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9734/bbj/2013/2389
• 16. Chrzanowski, L., Kaczorek, E., Olszanowski, A., 2006. The ability of Candida maltosa for hydrocarbon and emulsifed hydrocarbon degradation. Pol. J. Environ. Stud, 15, 47–51. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-005-2107-1
• 17. Das, N., Chandran, P. (2010). Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants: An overview. Biotechnol. Res. Int. 2001, 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/941810