Ultrasonikasyon ve setil trimetil amonyum klorür (CTAC) katalizörü koşulları altında kenevir lifinden selüloz olmayan materyallerin uzaklaştırılması

Abstract

Son zamanlarda, küresel ısınma, kirlilik ve fosil kaynaklarının sürdürülebilirliği konusundaki endişelerin artması nedeniyle, farklı endüstrilerde yenilenebilir ve sürdürülebilir doğal malzemelere olan ilgi artmıştır. Bu nedenle, belirli kompozit malzeme uygulamalarında cam ve karbon gibi sentetik lifler yerine kenevir gibi yenilenebilir ve sürdürülebilir doğal liflerin kullanımı daha popüler hale gelmiştir. Kenevir de dahil olmak üzere doğal liflerin dezavantajı, polar yapıları nedeniyle lif/matris ara yüzeyinde polar olmayan ve hidrofobik matrislerle uyumsuzluk göstermeleridir. Bu durum, lif ile matris arasında zayıf yapışmaya yol açarak, nihai kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerinin azalmasına neden olur. Doğal lif kompozitlerinin performansını artırmak için liflerin modifiye edilmesi gereklidir. Kenevir lifi yapısında bulunan lignin, mumlar, hemiselülozlar ve pektin gibi selüloz olmayan maddeler de zayıf lif/matris yapışması nedeniyle kompozitlerin mekanik performansını etkiler. Bu çalışmada, kenevir lifindeki selüloz olmayan maddelerin bozunma hızını artırmak için ultrason destekli bir ön işlemde kuarterner amonyum hidroksit kullanılmıştır. Sabit (%10 w/w) NaOH konsantrasyonuyla %1 ila %8 w/w arasında değişen setil trimetil amonyum klorür (CTAC) konsantrasyonları kullanılmıştır. Kenevir lifi yüzeyleri taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, ultrason destekli alkali işlemin lif yüzeyinden selüloz olmayan maddeleri etkili bir şekilde uzaklaştırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu uzaklaştırma, TGA ve FT-IR analizi ile de doğrulanmıştır.

Keywords

• kenevir lifi
• ultrasonikasyon
• ön işlem
• lignoselüloz
• setil trimetil amonyum klorür (CTAC)

Removal of non-cellulosic materials from hemp fiber under ultrasonication conditions and cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) catalyst

Abstract

Recently, due to rising worries about global warming, pollution, and the sustainability of fossil resources, there has been a heightened interest in renewable and sustainable natural materials across different industries. Consequently, the use of renewable and sustainable natural fibers such as hemp instead of synthetic ones, such as glass and carbon has become more popular in certain composite material applications. A drawback of natural fibers including hemp is that their polar nature often leads to incompatibility at the fiber/matrix interface with nonpolar and hydrophobic matrices. This leads to weak adhesion between the fiber and matrix, resulting in reduced mechanical properties of the final composites. To enhance the performance of natural fiber composites, it is essential to modify the fibers. Non-cellulosic substances such as lignin, waxes, hemicelluloses and pectin present in the hemp fiber structure also affect the mechanical performance of composites due to poor fiber/matrix adhesion. In this study quaternary ammonium hydroxide was used in an ultrasonic-assisted pretreatment to increase the degradation rate of non-cellulosic substances in hemp fiber. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) concentrations ranging between 1 and 8% w/w were used with a constant (10% w/w) NaOH concentration. Hemp fiber surfaces were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The findings revealed that ultrasonication-assisted alkali treatment effectively removed non-cellulosic substances from the fiber surface. This removal was further validated by TGA and FT-IR analysis.

Keywords

• Hemp fiber
• Ultrasonication
• Pretreatment
• Lignocelluloses
• Cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC)

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