Evaluation of grid performance under time-series DERs and storage penetration scenarios

Öz

Elektrik şebekesi karbon nötr geçişte çok önemlidir. Bu geçişte, yenilenebilir kaynaklardan elde edilen üretim hızla artmaktadır. PV ve rüzgâr gibi hava ve zamana bağlı sistemlerde üretim ve tüketim talebini dengelemek için enerji depolamaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu makale, dağıtık enerji kaynaklarının (DEK) bağlanmasıyla bir trafo merkezinden beslenen şebekenin modellenmesi, simülasyonu ve performans çalışmasını ve üretim ile tüketim arasındaki kararlı durum ve 24 saatlik zamanla değişen koşullar için şebeke üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesini sunmaktadır. Tüm modeller hem zamanla değişen simülasyonlar hem de kararlı durum yük akışı analizi için olasılıksal olarak türetilmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçlarına göre, DEK' lerin doğru penetrasyonda gerilim kararlılığına olumlu katkıda bulunduğu, kısa devre katkısının %1,5-2 arasında olduğu, ancak penetrasyonun yoğun olduğu durumlarda %3,5 katkı gözlendiği, gerilim profilinin 1,04 pu' ya ulaştığı görülmektedir. Doğru penetrasyonun olduğu durumlarda, üretilen enerjinin %70'i yerinde tüketilerek hat kayıpları azaltılır. Reaktif güce katkısı %5 ile %7,5 arasındadır. Zamanla değişen analizler, BEDS' in dahil edilmesiyle günün belirli saatlerinde enerji talebinin %93'ünün DEK' lerden karşılanabileceğini ve yüke enerji sağlamak için tatmin edici bir şekilde çalıştığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elektrik dağıtım sistemi
• Dağıtık enerji kaynakları penetrasyonu
• Enerji depolama
• Güç kayıpları
• Zamanla değişen analiz.

Evaluation of grid performance under time-series DERs and storage penetration scenarios

Öz

The electricity grid plays a pivotal role in facilitating the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. Concurrently, there has been a marked increase in the generation of renewable energy. Energy storage is imperative to ensure the balance between generation and consumption demand in weather- and time-dependent systems, such as photovoltaic and wind energy. This article presents the modeling, simulation, and performance study of a grid fed from a substation connected to DERs, and an assessment of its impact on the grid for steady state and 24-hour time-series conditions between generation and consumption. All models are derived probabilistically for time-series simulations and steady-state load flow analysis. According to the simulation results, DERs have a beneficial effect on voltage stability, provided the penetration level is appropriate. At the optimal penetration level, the short-circuit contribution of DERs is estimated to be between 1.5% and 2%. However, when the penetration level is increased, the contribution increases to 3.5%, resulting in a voltage profile of 1.04 pu. In instances of optimal penetration, 70% of the generated energy is consumed on site, thereby reducing line losses. The contribution to reactive power ranges from 5% to 7.5%. In the time-series analysis, with the inclusion of BESS, it has been demonstrated that 93% of the energy demand can be met by DERs at certain times of the day, and that it functions satisfactorily to provide energy to the load.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Electricity distribution system
• DERs penetration
• Energy storage
• Power losses
• Time-varying analyze

Kaynakça

1. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı (2023) İklim değişikliği azaltım stratejisi ve eylem planı 2024-2030.
2. Ochoa LF, Padilha-Feltrin A, Harrison GP (2006) Evaluating distributed generation impacts with a multiobjective index. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 21(3):1452–1458. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2005.860262
3. Ritchie H, Roser M, Rosado P (2020) Renewable energy. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy. Accessed 16 Jan 2025
4. Bakeer A, Chub A, Shen Y, Sangwongwanich A (2022) Reliability analysis of battery energy storage system for various stationary applications. J Energy Storage 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104217
5. Lin R, Yu M, Zhang M, Teh YQ (2024) A numeric study of the impact of renewable’s penetration in the energy and capacity markets with the participation of energy storage. 2024 IEEE 8th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration, pp 2202–2205.
6. Akmal M, Umeh O, Yusuf A, Onyenagubom A (2024) Impact of distributed generation and battery energy storage systems on an interconnected power system. 7th International Conference on Energy Conservation and Efficiency (ICECE), pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECE61222.2024.10505288
7. Aydın H, Özcan M (2023) Dağıtık üretim tesislerinin şebekeye entegrasyonu. Dissertation, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
8. Zou B, Peng J, Yin R, et al (2023) Energy management of the grid-connected residential photovoltaic-battery system using model predictive control coupled with dynamic programming. Energy Build 279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112712

9. Da Silva LN, Djambolakdjian GS, Da Silva Gazzana D, Ferraz RG, Vidor FF (2023) Impact of distributed energy resources on power distribution systems: A simulation study on energy transition. Proceedings - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2023 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe, EEEIC / I and CPS Europe 2023. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
10. Caballero-Peña J, Cadena-Zarate C, Parrado-Duque A, Osma-Pinto G (2022) Distributed energy resources on distribution networks: a systematic review of modelling, simulation, metrics and impacts. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107900
11. Pasetti M, Rinaldi S, Bellagente P et al (2021) Impact of the measurement time resolution on energy key performance indicators for distributed energy resources: an experimental analysis. 11th IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS), pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/AMPS50177.2021.9586020
12. Weissbach RS, Karady GG, Farmer RG (2001) combined uninterruptible power supply and dynamic voltage compensator using a flywheel energy storage system. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 16(2):265.
13. Rao SP, Ranganathan P, Tomomewo OS (2024) Hybrid energy storage systems for renewable energy integration: An overview. 56th North American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS61145.2024.10741713
14. Keane A, O’Malley M (2005) Optimal allocation of embedded generation on distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 20(3):1640–1646. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2005.852115
15. Nikolaidis AI, Gonzalez-Longatt FM, Charalambous CA (2013) Indices to assess the integration of renewable energy resources on transmission systems. Energy. Hindawi Limited, pp 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/324562
16. Wu QH, Bose A, Singh C, et al (2023) Control and stability of large-scale power system with highly distributed renewable energy generation: viewpoints from six aspects. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 9(1):8–14. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2022.08740
17. Prakash K, Islam FR, Mamun KA, Ali S (2017) Optimal generators placement techniques in distribution networks: A review. Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282381
18. Altun AF, Kılıç M (2019) Dynamic simulation of a PV/wind hybrid power generation system: case study of Bursa province. Uludağ University J of The Faculty of Engineering 571–582. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.585682
19. Jayalakshmi NS, Gaonkar DN, Balan A, Patil P, Adil Raza S (2014) Dynamic modeling and performance study of a stand-alone photovoltaic system with battery supplying dynamic load. Int J Renew Energy Res 4(3):635–640.
20. Paudyal S, El-Saadany EF, El-Chaar L (2010) Optimal size of distributed generation to minimize distribution loss using dynamic programming. IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy, pp 527–532. https://doi.org/10.1109/PECON.2010.5697639
21. Şen M, Özcan M (2020) Rüzgâr enerji santrallerinin modellenmesi ve kısa devre analizi. Dissertation, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
22. Nimpitiwan N (2010) Inverter-based photovoltaic distributed generations: Modeling and dynamic simulations. IEEE Region 10 Conference, pp 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2010.5685907
23. Wagle R, Sharma P, Sharma C, Amin M, Gonzalez-Longatt F (2023) Real-time Volt-Var control of grid forming converters in DER-enriched distribution network. Front Energy Res 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.1054870
24. Gandoman FH, Ahmadi A, Sharaf AM, et al (2018) Review of FACTS technologies and applications for power quality in smart grids with renewable energy systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82:502–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.062
25. Veeraganti SD, Mohamed Imran A (2022) Optimal placement and sizing of DG and D-STATCOM in a distribution system: A review. International Virtual Conference on Power Engineering Computing and Control: Developments in Electric Vehicles and Energy Sector for Sustainable Future. https://doi.org/10.1109/PECCON55017.2022.9851016
26. Limbu B, Dorji S, Sharma B, et al (2018) Analysis of technical losses in 33 kV feeder a case study of Nyelang sub-station to electricity service division, Samdrup Jongkhar (ESD Samdrup Jongkhar). JNEC Thruel Rig Sar Toed
27. Jan S T, Afzal R, Khan A Z (2015) Transformer failures, causes & impact. International Conference Data Mining, Civil and Mechanical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.15242/iie.e0215039
28. Lakshmanan E, Kumaresan M (2016) Analysis of LT distribution losses by SCADA load flow. 3rd National Conference on Emerging Trends in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chennai, India, Apr. 8–9.
29. Zhang D, Shafiullah GM, Das CK, Wong KW (2022) A systematic review of optimal planning and deployment of distributed generation and energy storage systems in power networks. J Energy Storage 56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105937
30. Mat Isa SS, Nizam Ibrahim M, Mohamad A, Dahlan NY, Nordin S (2023) A review of optimization approaches for optimal sizing and placement of battery energy storage system (BESS). IEEE 3rd International Conference in Power Engineering Applications: Shaping Sustainability Through Power Engineering Innovation, pp 258–262. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPEA56918.2023.10093172
31. Wu J, Zhang J, Dai Q, Yun L (2023) Research on influence and capacity configuration optimization method of energy storage on power angle stability of large power grids. 13th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems. pp 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPES59999.2023.10400127
32. Zhang Y, Lundblad A, Campana PE, Yan J (2016) Employing battery storage to increase photovoltaic self-sufficiency in a residential building of Sweden. Energy Procedia. Elsevier Ltd, pp 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.025
33. Li Y, Qin X, Chi Y (2019) Study on requirement of control and stability with renewable energy generation grid integration. IEEE 8th International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP), pp 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1109/APAP47170.2019.9224875