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An experimental study on the low energy impact behavior of different number of layer e-glass/epoxy composites

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 838 - 852, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1712502

Abstract

Composite materials are increasingly used in structural applications due to the high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and design flexibility they offer; however, susceptibility to impact damage remains a critical concern, particularly in layered configurations. In the present research, low-velocity impact experiments were performed on 8-layer and 16-layer unidirectional E-glass/epoxy composite plates with [+45/-45/90/0]s and [+45/-45/90/0]2s stacking sequences, which were manufactured using the vacuum-assisted hand lay-up method, at impact energy levels of 10, 20, and 30 J. Findings indicated that a rise in impact energy resulted in an increase in maximum contact force and energy absorption for both 8-layer and 16-layer composite plates, with no noticeable change in bending rigidity. At the same energy level, an increase in the number of layers enhanced the maximum contact force and bending rigidity of the composite plates, whereas displacement and the amount of energy absorbed by the material decreased. For all energy levels, the damage observed in the 8-layer composite plates spread over a wider area compared to the damage in the 16-layer plates.

References

  • Gunoz A, Kara M (2024) Mechanical behavior of the polyamide 6.6 nanofiber and MWCNT‐reinforced hybrid nanocomposites. Polym Comp 45:4693‒4708. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28090
  • Fotouhi S, Jalalvand M, Wisnom MR, Fotouhi M (2023) Smart hybrid composite sensor technology to enhance the detection of low energy impact damage in composite structures. Compos - A: Appl Sci Manuf 172:107595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107595
  • Laux T, Gan KW, Dulieu-Barton JM, Thomsen OT (2020) Ply thickness and fibre orientation effects in multidirectional composite laminates subjected to combined tension/compression and shear. Compos - A: Appl Sci Manuf 133:105864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105864
  • Ismail MF, Sultan MTH, Hamdan A, Shah AUM, Jawaid M (2019) Low velocity impact behaviour and post-impact characteristics of kenaf/glass hybrid composites with various weight ratios. J Mater Res Technol 8:2662‒2673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.04.005
  • Gunoz A, Kur M, Kara M (2024) Impact response of hybrid composites under varying environmental conditions: A comparative study. Polym Comp 45:12481‒12494. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28650
  • Öndürücü A, Karacan A (2018) Tabakalı cam elyaf/epoksi kompozitlerin darbe davranışının deneysel olarak incelenmesi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 6:435‒447. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.363292
  • Esendemir Ü, Caner AY (2017) Tabakalı kompozit malzemelerin darbe davranışının deneysel olarak incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 22:207‒215. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufbed.72732
  • Uyaner M, Kara M, Ataberk N (2007) E-camı/epoksi tabakalı kompozitlerin düşük hızlı darbe davranışına numune boyutlarının etkisi. 8. Uluslararası Kırılma Konferansı, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Esendemir Ü, Erbil A (2022) Kompozit plakaların darbe davranışını etkileyen faktörler üzerine bir çalışma. MCBÜ Soma Meslek Yüksekokulu Teknik Bilimler Dergisi 33:42‒55. https://doi.org/10.47118/somatbd.1118204
  • Karakuzu R, Erbil E, Aktas M (2010) Impact characterization of glass/epoxy composite plates: An experimental and numerical study. Compos - B: Eng. 41:388‒395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.02.003
  • Yapıcı A, Yapıcı İ (2012) E-camı/epoksi tabakalı kompozitlerde düşük hızlı darbe davraşının sonlu elemanlar yöntemiyle incelenmesi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 1:48‒60. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.239393
  • Uyaner M, Kara M (2016) E-camı/epoksi kompozit boruların darbe cevabına vurucu geometrisinin etkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi A- Uygulamalı Bilimler ve Mühendislik 17:512‒520. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.68342
  • Reddy TS, Reddy PRS, Madhu V (2019) Low velocity impact studies of E-glass/epoxy composite laminates at different thicknesses and temperatures. Def Technol 15:897‒904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.02.003
  • Russo P, Langella A, Papa I, Simeoli G, Lopresto V (2017) Thermoplastic polyurethane/glass fabric composite laminates: Low velocity impact behavior under extreme temperature conditions. Compos Struct 166:146‒152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.054
  • Saylık A, Temiz Ş (2022) Low-speed impact behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer-based glass, carbon, and glass/carbon hybrid composites. Mater Test 64:820‒831. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2179
  • Yalkın HE, Karakuzu R, Alpyıldız T (2020) Experimental and numerical behaviors of GFRP laminates under low velocity impact. J Compos Mater 54:2999‒3007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320906871
  • Ayten AI, Haque BZ (2024) Determination of progressive damage modelling parameters and calibration studies of 8-harness satin weave S-2 glass fibre reinforced composites. Plast Rubber Compos 53:71-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/14658011241231551
  • Liao B, Zhou J, Ai S, Lin Y, Xi L, Cao Y, Xiao D (2021) Comparison of laminate thickness on the low velocity impact behaviors for Z-pinned composite laminates. Int J Mech Sci 204:106567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106567
  • Reddy TS, Mogulanna K, Reddy KG, Reddy PRS, Madhu V (2019) Effect of thickness on behaviour of E-glass/epoxy composite laminates under low velocity impact. Procedia Struct Integr 14:265-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2019.05.034
  • Evci C (2015) Thickness-dependent energy dissipation characteristics of laminated composites subjected to low velocity impact. Compos Struct 133:508-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.07.111
  • Rezasefat M, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, Ma D, Vescovini A, Lomazzi L, da Silva AA, Amico SC, Manes A (2022) Experimental study on the low-velocity impact response of inter-ply S2-glass/aramid woven fabric hybrid laminates. Thin-Walled Struct 177:109458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.109458
  • Subadra SP, Griskevicius P, Yousef S (2020) Low velocity impact and pseudo-ductile behaviour of carbon/glass/epoxy and carbon/glass/PMMA hybrid composite laminates for aircraft application at service temperature. Polym Test 89:106711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106711
  • Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event (2015) American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM, D7136M–15.
  • Uyaner M, Kara M, Kepir Y, Gunoz A (2023) Virtual testing of laminated composites subjected to low-velocity impact. Iran J Sci Technol - Trans Mech 47:595–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-022-00527-8
  • Uyaner M. Test to graph. Mendeley Data 2021; V2. https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/gydhpktxjk/2. Erişim 1 June 2025.
  • Abrate S (1998) Impact on composite structures. Cambridge University Press, Kingdom of England.
  • Babu LS, Kumar KA, Christiyan KJ, Byary MA, Puranic VM, Jawad AM, Poojary N (2023) Effect of laminate thickness on low-velocity impact of GFRP/epoxy composites. Mater Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.229
  • Uyaner M, Kara M (2007) Dynamic response of laminated composites subjected to low-velocity impact. J Compos Mater 41:2877‒2896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998307079971
  • Gunoz A, Kara M (2024) Damage behavior of functionally graded kevlar/carbon epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with polyamide 6.6 nanofiber and MWCNTs subjected to low-velocity impact. Int J Damage Mech early access. https://doi.org/10.1177/10567895241305324
  • Kara M (2006) Düşük hızlı darbeye maruz tabakalı kompozitlerin dinamik cevabı. Yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi.
  • Kepir Y, Gunoz A, Kara M (2022) Nonpenetrating repeated impact effect to the damage behavior of prestressed glass/epoxy composite pipes. Polym Compos 43:5047‒5058. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26777

Farklı katman sayısındaki e-cam/epoksi kompozitlerin düşük enerjili darbe davranışı üzerine deneysel bir çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 838 - 852, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1712502

Abstract

Kompozit malzemeler, yüksek özgül dayanım, korozyon direnci ve tasarım esnekliği gibi avantajları sayesinde yapısal uygulamalarda giderek daha fazla kullanılmaktadır; ancak, özellikle tabakalı yapılarda darbe hasarına karşı duyarlılık önemli bir endişe kaynağı olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, vakum destekli el yatırma yöntemiyle üretilen [+45/-45/90/0]s ve [+45/-45/90/0]2s tabakalama dizilimlerine sahip 8 ve 16 tabakalı tek yönlü E-cam/epoksi kompozit plakalara 10, 20 ve 30 J’lük düşük hızlı darbe testleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, darbe enerjisindeki artışın hem 8 tabakalı hem de 16 tabakalı kompozit plakalar için maksimum temas kuvvetinde ve enerji absorpsiyon miktarında artışa yol açtığını, ancak eğilme rijitliğinde belirgin bir değişim meydana getirmediğini göstermiştir. Aynı darbe enerjisi seviyesinde, tabaka sayısındaki artış kompozit plakaların maksimum temas kuvvetini ve eğilme rijitliğini artırırken, deplasman ve malzeme tarafından soğurulan enerji miktarında azalmaya neden olmuştur. Tüm enerji seviyelerinde, 8 tabakalı kompozit plakalarda oluşan hasarın, 16 tabakalı plakalarda oluşan hasara göre daha geniş bir alana yayıldığı gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • Gunoz A, Kara M (2024) Mechanical behavior of the polyamide 6.6 nanofiber and MWCNT‐reinforced hybrid nanocomposites. Polym Comp 45:4693‒4708. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28090
  • Fotouhi S, Jalalvand M, Wisnom MR, Fotouhi M (2023) Smart hybrid composite sensor technology to enhance the detection of low energy impact damage in composite structures. Compos - A: Appl Sci Manuf 172:107595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2023.107595
  • Laux T, Gan KW, Dulieu-Barton JM, Thomsen OT (2020) Ply thickness and fibre orientation effects in multidirectional composite laminates subjected to combined tension/compression and shear. Compos - A: Appl Sci Manuf 133:105864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105864
  • Ismail MF, Sultan MTH, Hamdan A, Shah AUM, Jawaid M (2019) Low velocity impact behaviour and post-impact characteristics of kenaf/glass hybrid composites with various weight ratios. J Mater Res Technol 8:2662‒2673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.04.005
  • Gunoz A, Kur M, Kara M (2024) Impact response of hybrid composites under varying environmental conditions: A comparative study. Polym Comp 45:12481‒12494. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.28650
  • Öndürücü A, Karacan A (2018) Tabakalı cam elyaf/epoksi kompozitlerin darbe davranışının deneysel olarak incelenmesi. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 6:435‒447. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.363292
  • Esendemir Ü, Caner AY (2017) Tabakalı kompozit malzemelerin darbe davranışının deneysel olarak incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 22:207‒215. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufbed.72732
  • Uyaner M, Kara M, Ataberk N (2007) E-camı/epoksi tabakalı kompozitlerin düşük hızlı darbe davranışına numune boyutlarının etkisi. 8. Uluslararası Kırılma Konferansı, İstanbul, Türkiye.
  • Esendemir Ü, Erbil A (2022) Kompozit plakaların darbe davranışını etkileyen faktörler üzerine bir çalışma. MCBÜ Soma Meslek Yüksekokulu Teknik Bilimler Dergisi 33:42‒55. https://doi.org/10.47118/somatbd.1118204
  • Karakuzu R, Erbil E, Aktas M (2010) Impact characterization of glass/epoxy composite plates: An experimental and numerical study. Compos - B: Eng. 41:388‒395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.02.003
  • Yapıcı A, Yapıcı İ (2012) E-camı/epoksi tabakalı kompozitlerde düşük hızlı darbe davraşının sonlu elemanlar yöntemiyle incelenmesi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 1:48‒60. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.239393
  • Uyaner M, Kara M (2016) E-camı/epoksi kompozit boruların darbe cevabına vurucu geometrisinin etkisi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi A- Uygulamalı Bilimler ve Mühendislik 17:512‒520. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.68342
  • Reddy TS, Reddy PRS, Madhu V (2019) Low velocity impact studies of E-glass/epoxy composite laminates at different thicknesses and temperatures. Def Technol 15:897‒904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.02.003
  • Russo P, Langella A, Papa I, Simeoli G, Lopresto V (2017) Thermoplastic polyurethane/glass fabric composite laminates: Low velocity impact behavior under extreme temperature conditions. Compos Struct 166:146‒152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.01.054
  • Saylık A, Temiz Ş (2022) Low-speed impact behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer-based glass, carbon, and glass/carbon hybrid composites. Mater Test 64:820‒831. https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2021-2179
  • Yalkın HE, Karakuzu R, Alpyıldız T (2020) Experimental and numerical behaviors of GFRP laminates under low velocity impact. J Compos Mater 54:2999‒3007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998320906871
  • Ayten AI, Haque BZ (2024) Determination of progressive damage modelling parameters and calibration studies of 8-harness satin weave S-2 glass fibre reinforced composites. Plast Rubber Compos 53:71-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/14658011241231551
  • Liao B, Zhou J, Ai S, Lin Y, Xi L, Cao Y, Xiao D (2021) Comparison of laminate thickness on the low velocity impact behaviors for Z-pinned composite laminates. Int J Mech Sci 204:106567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106567
  • Reddy TS, Mogulanna K, Reddy KG, Reddy PRS, Madhu V (2019) Effect of thickness on behaviour of E-glass/epoxy composite laminates under low velocity impact. Procedia Struct Integr 14:265-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2019.05.034
  • Evci C (2015) Thickness-dependent energy dissipation characteristics of laminated composites subjected to low velocity impact. Compos Struct 133:508-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.07.111
  • Rezasefat M, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, Ma D, Vescovini A, Lomazzi L, da Silva AA, Amico SC, Manes A (2022) Experimental study on the low-velocity impact response of inter-ply S2-glass/aramid woven fabric hybrid laminates. Thin-Walled Struct 177:109458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.109458
  • Subadra SP, Griskevicius P, Yousef S (2020) Low velocity impact and pseudo-ductile behaviour of carbon/glass/epoxy and carbon/glass/PMMA hybrid composite laminates for aircraft application at service temperature. Polym Test 89:106711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106711
  • Standard Test Method for Measuring the Damage Resistance of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite to a Drop-Weight Impact Event (2015) American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM, D7136M–15.
  • Uyaner M, Kara M, Kepir Y, Gunoz A (2023) Virtual testing of laminated composites subjected to low-velocity impact. Iran J Sci Technol - Trans Mech 47:595–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40997-022-00527-8
  • Uyaner M. Test to graph. Mendeley Data 2021; V2. https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/gydhpktxjk/2. Erişim 1 June 2025.
  • Abrate S (1998) Impact on composite structures. Cambridge University Press, Kingdom of England.
  • Babu LS, Kumar KA, Christiyan KJ, Byary MA, Puranic VM, Jawad AM, Poojary N (2023) Effect of laminate thickness on low-velocity impact of GFRP/epoxy composites. Mater Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.229
  • Uyaner M, Kara M (2007) Dynamic response of laminated composites subjected to low-velocity impact. J Compos Mater 41:2877‒2896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998307079971
  • Gunoz A, Kara M (2024) Damage behavior of functionally graded kevlar/carbon epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with polyamide 6.6 nanofiber and MWCNTs subjected to low-velocity impact. Int J Damage Mech early access. https://doi.org/10.1177/10567895241305324
  • Kara M (2006) Düşük hızlı darbeye maruz tabakalı kompozitlerin dinamik cevabı. Yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi.
  • Kepir Y, Gunoz A, Kara M (2022) Nonpenetrating repeated impact effect to the damage behavior of prestressed glass/epoxy composite pipes. Polym Compos 43:5047‒5058. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26777
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Solid Mechanics, Composite and Hybrid Materials
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Alper Günöz 0000-0001-7978-6306

Submission Date June 2, 2025
Acceptance Date July 23, 2025
Publication Date July 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Günöz, A. (2025). An experimental study on the low energy impact behavior of different number of layer e-glass/epoxy composites. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science, 5(2), 838-852. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1712502


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