Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites

Kaan Bilge

doi:10.61112/jiens.1921609

Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites

Öz

Cellulosic PLA composites are often evaluated mainly through stiffness increase, although stiffness alone does not show whether reinforcement produces useful strengthening or an embrittled crack path. This work presents a comparative failure-analysis study of two published waste-cellulose-fiber (WCF)/PLA systems processed by thermokinetic high-shear mixing and injection molding but based on different PLA grades and processing states. The common formulations of neat PLA, 10 wt.% WCF, 20 wt.% WCF, and 30 wt.% WCF are re-examined using tensile data, supplier datasheet context, and comparative SEM fractography. Both routes showed strong WCF-induced stiffening, but their strength responses diverged. In the 4043D-type route, 10, 20, and 30 wt.% WCF increased tensile modulus by approximately 45%, 68%, and 102%, respectively, while tensile strength increased by approximately 30%, 46%, and 56%. In the same sequence, strain at break changed by approximately +1%, −28%, and −37%. In the L130-type route, 10, 20, and 30 wt.% WCF increased tensile modules by approximately 43%, 83%, and 116%, respectively, but tensile strength remained below the neat-matrix value, decreasing by approximately 28%, 12%, and 7%. Strain at break also decreased by approximately 40%, 36%, and 36%. Fractography shows that this divergence corresponds to different failure styles: the 4043D-type route retains rougher fracture topography, matrix shearing, fibrillation, and deformation-accommodating debonding, whereas the L130-type route shows smoother lamellar regions, fiber-adjacent cracking, local fiber fracture, and broader block-like separation. The study therefore demonstrates that similar modulus gains across 10–30 wt.% WCF can arise from different fracture architectures. For WCF/PLA composites, processing history, matrix state, and fracture morphology should be reported together with tensile property changes to distinguish strengthening from stiffness-driven embrittlement.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Kırılma Mekaniği, Polimer Bilimi ve Teknolojileri, Polimerler ve Plastikler

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Kaan Bilge ^*
0000-0002-7815-5948
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Temmuz 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

2 Nisan 2026

Kabul Tarihi

18 Temmuz 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1921609

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA82TD27GS

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Bilge, K. (2026). Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science, 6(2), 611-625. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1921609

AMA

1.Bilge K. Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. JIENS. 2026;6(2):611-625. doi:10.61112/jiens.1921609

Chicago

Bilge, Kaan. 2026. “Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites”. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science 6 (2): 611-25. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1921609.

EndNote

Bilge K (01 Temmuz 2026) Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science 6 2 611–625.

IEEE

[1]K. Bilge, “Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites”, JIENS, c. 6, sy 2, ss. 611–625, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.61112/jiens.1921609.

ISNAD

Bilge, Kaan. “Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites”. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science 6/2 (01 Temmuz 2026): 611-625. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1921609.

JAMA

1.Bilge K. Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. JIENS. 2026;6:611–625.

MLA

Bilge, Kaan. “Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites”. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science, c. 6, sy 2, Temmuz 2026, ss. 611-25, doi:10.61112/jiens.1921609.

Vancouver

1.Kaan Bilge. Comparative fractographic assessment of stiffness gain and strength retention in waste-cellulose-reinforced PLA composites. JIENS. 01 Temmuz 2026;6(2):611-25. doi:10.61112/jiens.1921609