Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters

Pınar Öztürk Kardoğan

doi:10.61112/jiens.1946202

Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters

Abstract

This review investigates the relationship between soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformation mechanisms through a structured synthesis of the available literature, representative earthquake case histories, and field observations. By integrating findings from literature, field observations, and numerical studies, it is demonstrated that peak ground acceleration (PGA), which forms the basis of conventional approaches, is not sufficient when considered alone. The study emphasizes that the liquefaction process consists of two fundamental stages: liquefaction triggering and post-liquefaction permanent deformations. The findings indicate that liquefaction triggering is largely associated with PGA, whereas deformations such as lateral spreading, settlement, and permanent ground displacements show a stronger correlation with peak ground velocity (PGV) and peak ground displacement (PGD). Recent earthquake data further reveal that different deformation patterns may occur in regions subjected to similar PGA levels, highlighting the significant influence of frequency content, duration, and energy components of ground motion on soil behavior. In conclusion, soil liquefaction is not merely a triggering phenomenon but a complex engineering problem involving multidimensional deformation processes. Therefore, it is essential to adopt multi-parameter and performance-based analysis approaches that incorporate PGA, PGV, and PGD together for reliable engineering assessments.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The authors declare that no specific financial support, grant, or institutional funding was received for this study.

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with academic and scientific ethical principles. No human participants, animals, or personal/private data were involved in the research. All data used in the study were obtained from published literature, field observations, laboratory analyses, and publicly available earthquake records. The authors declare that the study does not contain any form of plagiarism, data fabrication, falsification, or unethical manipulation. All sources cited in the manuscript have been appropriately acknowledged and referenced. The authors further declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this study.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Civil Geotechnical Engineering

Journal Section

Review Article

Authors

Pınar Öztürk Kardoğan ^*
0000-0002-5212-4318
Türkiye

Publication Date

July 30, 2026

Submission Date

May 7, 2026

Acceptance Date

July 17, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 6 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1946202

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA57HW53SA

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Öztürk Kardoğan, P. (2026). Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science, 6(2), 646-666. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1946202

AMA

1.Öztürk Kardoğan P. Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters. JIENS. 2026;6(2):646-666. doi:10.61112/jiens.1946202

Chicago

Öztürk Kardoğan, Pınar. 2026. “Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction and Earthquake-Induced Deformations Based on Ground Motion Parameters”. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science 6 (2): 646-66. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1946202.

EndNote

Öztürk Kardoğan P (July 1, 2026) Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science 6 2 646–666.

IEEE

[1]P. Öztürk Kardoğan, “Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters”, JIENS, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 646–666, July 2026, doi: 10.61112/jiens.1946202.

ISNAD

Öztürk Kardoğan, Pınar. “Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction and Earthquake-Induced Deformations Based on Ground Motion Parameters”. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science 6/2 (July 1, 2026): 646-666. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1946202.

JAMA

1.Öztürk Kardoğan P. Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters. JIENS. 2026;6:646–666.

MLA

Öztürk Kardoğan, Pınar. “Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction and Earthquake-Induced Deformations Based on Ground Motion Parameters”. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science, vol. 6, no. 2, July 2026, pp. 646-6, doi:10.61112/jiens.1946202.

Vancouver

1.Pınar Öztürk Kardoğan. Evaluation of soil liquefaction and earthquake-induced deformations based on ground motion parameters. JIENS. 2026 Jul. 1;6(2):646-6. doi:10.61112/jiens.1946202