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Security of Submarine Communication Cables as Critical Infrastructure from the Perspective of International Law of the Sea Abstract

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 6, 20 - 40, 31.12.2022

Öz

This study, which aims to uncover figuratively the Submarine Communication Cables (SCC), providing 99% of global communication, elucidate on the deficiencies and shortco-mings of the current International Law of the Sea codification in terms of ensuring the security of SCC from a legal perspective. Also it is presented with the aim of to benefit researchers in their further studies and to make a contribution to the literature. In pursuit of scientific and technological developments, the needs and lifestyles of human beings have drastically changed, and the transfer of digital data has become an indispensable part of our lives. Considering the most important needs of our age, one of the first things that come to mind is to be able to access communication channels and information as fast and safe as possible. So much so that; SCC is one of the most important infrastructure components even in matters such as conducting the scientific research required to write this study, accessing electricity and the internet. Therefore, the security of cables, which are global public goods, should be reconsidered on the grounds of both International Security and International Law. It is known that the first international legal regulation on cables was the Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables of 1884, followed by the Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea of 1958 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. However, it is understood that the issue is dealt with within the framework of the principle of freedom of the seas for territorial waters and the contiguous zone. It has been understood that descriptions of certain point such as how to ensure the security of the cables in international waters (open sea) is ambiguous, and that the Law of the Sea regulations on the SCC, which is at the heart of Ocean Governance from a security phenomena and geopolitical perspective, are insufficient.

Kaynakça

  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı [AFAD] (2014). 2014-2023 Kritik Altyapıların Korunması Yol Haritası Belgesi. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/3910/xfiles/kritikaltyapi-son.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Attali, Jacques (2017). Denizin Tarihi. İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt; Bigo, Didier; Esteves, Paulo; Guild, Elspeth; Jabri, Vivienne; Lyon, David; Walker, R. B. J (2014). “After Snowden: Rethinking the Impact of Surveillance” International Political Sociology 8(2): 121-144. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12048
  • BBC News, (2017). “Russia a ‘risk’ to Undersea Cables, Defence Chief Warns.” https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42362500 (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Birdişli, Fikret ve Baskın, Yusuf Zakir (2018). “Türkiye'de Yapılan Güvenlik Çalışmalarının Niteliksel Analizi” 2’nci Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Kongresi Tam Metin Kitabı, Trabzon, 448–75. https://www.academia.edu/38093965/T%C3%BCrkiyede_Yap%C4%B1lan_G%C3%BCvenlik_%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Niteliksel_Analizi (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Bueger, Christian ve Liebetrau, Tobias (2021). “Protecting Hidden Infrastructure: The Security Politics of the Global Submarine Data Cable Network.” Contemporary Security Policy 42(3): 391–413. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2021.1907129
  • Bueger, Christian; Liebetrau, Tobias; Franken, Jonas (2022). “Security threats to undersea communications cables and infrastructure consequences for the EU” European Parliament Policy Department for External Relations http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2022/702557/EXPO_IDA(2022)702557_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Temmuz 2022).
  • Burnett R., Dougles; Beckman, Robert; Davenport, Tara (2013). Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Business Insider, (2020). “China accused of planning to exploit undersea cable networks to spy on other countries” https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/china-accused-of-planning-to-exploit-undersea-cable-networks-to-spy-on-other-countries-report-says/articleshow/79812912.cms (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Buzan, Barry (1997). “Rethinking Security after the Cold War.” Cooperation and Conflict 32(1): 5–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45084375?seq=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Carter, Lionel (2009). Submarine Cables and the Oceans: Connecting the World Ocean Drilling Program Leg 181 Southwest Pacific Gateways View Project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286143047 (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Chris, Baynes (2018). “Entire Country Taken Offline for Two Days after Undersea Internet Cable Cut.” Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/mauritiana-internet-cut-underwater-cable-offline-days-west-africa-a8298551.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Coffen-Smout, Scott ve Glen, Herbert (2000). “Submarine Cables: A Challenge for Ocean Management.” Marine Policy 24(6): 441–48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(00)00027-0
  • Davenport, Tara (2012). “Submarine Communications Cables and Law of the Sea: Problems in Law and Practice.” Ocean Development and International Law 43(3): 201–42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2012.698922
  • Davenport, Tara (2018). “The High Seas Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and the Protection of the Marine Environment: Challenges in High Seas Governance.” In AJIL Unbound, Cambridge University Press, 139–43. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.48
  • Ellis, James; Fisher, David; Longstaff, Thomas; Pesante, Linda; Pethia, Richard (1997). Report to the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection. https://kilthub.cmu.edu/ndownloader/files/12070055 (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • European Commission [EUCOM] (2004). Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Fight against Terrorism. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0702&from=EN (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Genco, Abdullah (2020). “Türkiye’de Kritik Altyapı ve Kritk Altyapıya Yönelik Tehditler” KAYTEK Dergisi 2(2): 38-46. Doi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1456164
  • Gürdeniz, Cem (2015). Mavi Uygarlık Türkiye Denizcileşmelidir. İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Le Goff, Jacques (2005). The Birth of Europe. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Library of Cnogress, “Bound Volume 9 July 1857-2 April 1858.” MANUSCRIPT/MIXED MATERIAL. https://www.loc.gov/item/mmorse000038/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2022).
  • Library of Congress, “Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793 to 1919.” Digital Collections. https://www.loc.gov/collections/samuel-morse-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/1840-1872/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Matley, H. Elizabeth (2019). “Closing the gaps in the regulation of submarine cables: lessons from the Australian experience” Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 11(3): 165-184. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2019.1653740
  • Overheid.nl, “International Convention on the Protection of Submarine Cables, with Additional Article.” Treaty data. https://verdragenbank.overheid.nl/en/Verdrag/Details/001885.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Haziran 2022).
  • Pursiainen, Christer (2009). “The Challenges for European Critical Infrastructure Protection.” Journal of European Integration 31(6): 721–39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330903199846
  • Reuters (2007). “Vietnamese Fishermen ‘Salvage’ Internet Lines.” https://www.reuters.com/article/us-viet%20nam-cable-idUSHAN1727620070607 (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • Samuelson, Paul A. (1955). “Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure” The Review of Economics and Statistics 37(4): 350-356. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1925849
  • Sophia, Ankel (2020). “China Accused of Planning to Exploit Undersea Cable Networks to Spy on Other Countries, Report Says.” Businessinsider. https://www.businessinsider.com/china-accused-of-wanting-steal-data-using-undersea-cable-networks-2020-12 (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • Sun, Zhen (2018). “Protection of Cable Ships Engaged in Operations for Submarine Telecommunication Cables.” Ocean Development and International Law 49(2): 118–33. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2018.1452386
  • Sunak, Rishi (2017). “Undersea Cables Indispensable, Insecure” https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Undersea-Cables.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022)
  • TeleGeography, “Submarine Cable Frequently Asked Questions Submarine Cable 101 | The Map.” https://www2.telegeography.com/submarine-cable-faqs-frequently-asked-questions (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • TeleGeography, “Submarine Cable Map.” https://www.submarinecablemap.com/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly [UN General Assembly] (2018). Seventy-Second Session Agenda Item 77 72/249. International Legally Binding Instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1468985/files/A_RES_72_249-EN.pdf?ln=en (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly [UN General Assembly] (2021). A/RES/76/72 Oceans and the Law of the Sea. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3952325/files/A_RES_76_72-EN.pdf?ln=en (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • United Nations (1958). United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea Official Records Volume III: FIRST COMMITTEE (Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone). Geneva. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/857999/files/A_CONF_13_39.PDF?ln=en (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • Uzun, Elif (2018). “Uluslararası Andlaşmaların Geçici Uygulanması Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi 25. Madde” İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 9(2): 118-210. Doi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/559251

ULUSLARARASI DENİZ HUKUKU PERSPEKTİFİNDEN KRİTİK ALTYAPI NİTELİĞİNDEKİ DENİZALTI İLETİŞİM KABLOLARININ GÜVENLİĞİ

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 6, 20 - 40, 31.12.2022

Öz

Küresel iletişimin nerdeyse tamamını, %99’luk bir kısmını sağlayan Denizaltı İletişim Kablolarının (DİK) mecazi manada su yüzüne çıkarılmasını amaçlayan bu çalışma, mevcut Uluslararası Deniz Hukuku kodifikasyonunun DİK’in hukuki perspektiften güvenliğinin sağlanması hususunda eksik ve aksak yönlerine ışık tutmaktadır. İleri çalışmalarda araştırmacıların istifadesine sunulması, literatüre katkı sağlanması da bu çalışmanın amaçlarındandır. Bilimsel ve teknolojik gelişmeleri takiben insanoğlunun ihtiyaçları ile yaşam tarzı değişmiş, dijital verinin transferi hayatlarımızın olmazsa olmazı haline gelmiştir. Çağımızın en önemli ihtiyaçları düşünüldüğünde akla ilk gelenlerden biri; mümkün olan en hızlı ve güvenli şekilde iletişim kanallarına ulaşabilmek, bilgiye erişebilmektir. O kadar ki; DİK bu çalışmanın yazılabilmesi için gereken bilimsel araştırmanın yapılması, elektrik ve internete erişebilmek gibi konularda dahi en mühim altyapı bileşenlerindendir. Dolayısıyla, küresel kamu malı niteliğinde olan kabloların güvenliği hem Uluslararası Güvenlik hem de Uluslararası Hukuk zemininde yeniden düşünülmelidir. Kablolar özelindeki ilk uluslararası hukuk düzenlemesinin 1884 tarihli Denizaltı Kablolarını Koruma Konvansiyonu olduğu, akabinde 1958 Cenevre Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmeleri ve 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nde düzenlemelere yer verildiği bilinmektedir. Ancak konunun karasuları ve bitişik bölge için denizlerin serbestisi ilkesi çerçevesinde ele alındığı anlaşılmaktadır. Uluslararası sularda (açık deniz alanlarında) kabloların güvenliğinin nasıl sağlanacağının muğlaklık arz ettiği, bununla beraber güvenlik ve jeopolitik perspektifinden de Okyanus Yönetişimi’nin tam kalbinde yer alan DİK’e dair Deniz Hukuku düzenlemelerinin yetersiz olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı [AFAD] (2014). 2014-2023 Kritik Altyapıların Korunması Yol Haritası Belgesi. https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/3910/xfiles/kritikaltyapi-son.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Attali, Jacques (2017). Denizin Tarihi. İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Bauman, Zygmunt; Bigo, Didier; Esteves, Paulo; Guild, Elspeth; Jabri, Vivienne; Lyon, David; Walker, R. B. J (2014). “After Snowden: Rethinking the Impact of Surveillance” International Political Sociology 8(2): 121-144. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12048
  • BBC News, (2017). “Russia a ‘risk’ to Undersea Cables, Defence Chief Warns.” https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42362500 (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Birdişli, Fikret ve Baskın, Yusuf Zakir (2018). “Türkiye'de Yapılan Güvenlik Çalışmalarının Niteliksel Analizi” 2’nci Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Kongresi Tam Metin Kitabı, Trabzon, 448–75. https://www.academia.edu/38093965/T%C3%BCrkiyede_Yap%C4%B1lan_G%C3%BCvenlik_%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Niteliksel_Analizi (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Bueger, Christian ve Liebetrau, Tobias (2021). “Protecting Hidden Infrastructure: The Security Politics of the Global Submarine Data Cable Network.” Contemporary Security Policy 42(3): 391–413. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2021.1907129
  • Bueger, Christian; Liebetrau, Tobias; Franken, Jonas (2022). “Security threats to undersea communications cables and infrastructure consequences for the EU” European Parliament Policy Department for External Relations http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2022/702557/EXPO_IDA(2022)702557_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Temmuz 2022).
  • Burnett R., Dougles; Beckman, Robert; Davenport, Tara (2013). Submarine Cables: The Handbook of Law and Policy. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Business Insider, (2020). “China accused of planning to exploit undersea cable networks to spy on other countries” https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/china-accused-of-planning-to-exploit-undersea-cable-networks-to-spy-on-other-countries-report-says/articleshow/79812912.cms (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Buzan, Barry (1997). “Rethinking Security after the Cold War.” Cooperation and Conflict 32(1): 5–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45084375?seq=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Carter, Lionel (2009). Submarine Cables and the Oceans: Connecting the World Ocean Drilling Program Leg 181 Southwest Pacific Gateways View Project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286143047 (Erişim Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2022).
  • Chris, Baynes (2018). “Entire Country Taken Offline for Two Days after Undersea Internet Cable Cut.” Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/mauritiana-internet-cut-underwater-cable-offline-days-west-africa-a8298551.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Coffen-Smout, Scott ve Glen, Herbert (2000). “Submarine Cables: A Challenge for Ocean Management.” Marine Policy 24(6): 441–48. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(00)00027-0
  • Davenport, Tara (2012). “Submarine Communications Cables and Law of the Sea: Problems in Law and Practice.” Ocean Development and International Law 43(3): 201–42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2012.698922
  • Davenport, Tara (2018). “The High Seas Freedom to Lay Submarine Cables and the Protection of the Marine Environment: Challenges in High Seas Governance.” In AJIL Unbound, Cambridge University Press, 139–43. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.48
  • Ellis, James; Fisher, David; Longstaff, Thomas; Pesante, Linda; Pethia, Richard (1997). Report to the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection. https://kilthub.cmu.edu/ndownloader/files/12070055 (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • European Commission [EUCOM] (2004). Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Fight against Terrorism. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0702&from=EN (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Genco, Abdullah (2020). “Türkiye’de Kritik Altyapı ve Kritk Altyapıya Yönelik Tehditler” KAYTEK Dergisi 2(2): 38-46. Doi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1456164
  • Gürdeniz, Cem (2015). Mavi Uygarlık Türkiye Denizcileşmelidir. İstanbul: Kırmızı Kedi Yayınevi.
  • Le Goff, Jacques (2005). The Birth of Europe. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Library of Cnogress, “Bound Volume 9 July 1857-2 April 1858.” MANUSCRIPT/MIXED MATERIAL. https://www.loc.gov/item/mmorse000038/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2022).
  • Library of Congress, “Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793 to 1919.” Digital Collections. https://www.loc.gov/collections/samuel-morse-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/1840-1872/ (Erişim Tarihi: 17 Haziran 2022).
  • Matley, H. Elizabeth (2019). “Closing the gaps in the regulation of submarine cables: lessons from the Australian experience” Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 11(3): 165-184. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2019.1653740
  • Overheid.nl, “International Convention on the Protection of Submarine Cables, with Additional Article.” Treaty data. https://verdragenbank.overheid.nl/en/Verdrag/Details/001885.html (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Haziran 2022).
  • Pursiainen, Christer (2009). “The Challenges for European Critical Infrastructure Protection.” Journal of European Integration 31(6): 721–39. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330903199846
  • Reuters (2007). “Vietnamese Fishermen ‘Salvage’ Internet Lines.” https://www.reuters.com/article/us-viet%20nam-cable-idUSHAN1727620070607 (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • Samuelson, Paul A. (1955). “Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure” The Review of Economics and Statistics 37(4): 350-356. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1925849
  • Sophia, Ankel (2020). “China Accused of Planning to Exploit Undersea Cable Networks to Spy on Other Countries, Report Says.” Businessinsider. https://www.businessinsider.com/china-accused-of-wanting-steal-data-using-undersea-cable-networks-2020-12 (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • Sun, Zhen (2018). “Protection of Cable Ships Engaged in Operations for Submarine Telecommunication Cables.” Ocean Development and International Law 49(2): 118–33. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2018.1452386
  • Sunak, Rishi (2017). “Undersea Cables Indispensable, Insecure” https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Undersea-Cables.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022)
  • TeleGeography, “Submarine Cable Frequently Asked Questions Submarine Cable 101 | The Map.” https://www2.telegeography.com/submarine-cable-faqs-frequently-asked-questions (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • TeleGeography, “Submarine Cable Map.” https://www.submarinecablemap.com/ (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly [UN General Assembly] (2018). Seventy-Second Session Agenda Item 77 72/249. International Legally Binding Instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1468985/files/A_RES_72_249-EN.pdf?ln=en (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • United Nations General Assembly [UN General Assembly] (2021). A/RES/76/72 Oceans and the Law of the Sea. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3952325/files/A_RES_76_72-EN.pdf?ln=en (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • United Nations (1958). United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea Official Records Volume III: FIRST COMMITTEE (Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone). Geneva. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/857999/files/A_CONF_13_39.PDF?ln=en (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Haziran 2022).
  • Uzun, Elif (2018). “Uluslararası Andlaşmaların Geçici Uygulanması Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi 25. Madde” İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 9(2): 118-210. Doi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/559251
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Bilal Ersin Elikoğlu 0000-0002-1424-7691

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Elikoğlu, B. E. (2022). ULUSLARARASI DENİZ HUKUKU PERSPEKTİFİNDEN KRİTİK ALTYAPI NİTELİĞİNDEKİ DENİZALTI İLETİŞİM KABLOLARININ GÜVENLİĞİ. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies(6), 20-40.