Effect of Salt Stress on Morphological and Anatomical Growth Parameters of Calendula officinalis L. Plant Grown in Vermicompost Medium

Yıl 2021, , 3222 - 3231, 15.12.2021

Ezelhan Şelem , Lütfi Nohutçu , Rüveyde Tunçtürk , Murat Tunçtürk

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.918694

Cited By: 3

Öz

The salinity problem experienced in agricultural land limits the cultivation of intensively produced species. Alternatives are developed for the salinity problem, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, and the enrichment of the soil with organic matter is seen as one of the most important of these. Vermicompost, which has a positive effect on improvement of soil structure, increase in yield and quality, plant growth and development, is widely used in cultivation. It is known that salinity stress, which is one of the abiotic stress factors, significantly reduces the degree of damage compared to the control group. In the study, the development of the plants grown in the field soil with 30% vermicompost and 100% field soil in different salt concentration (control (0), 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl) was examined and it was determined that the plants showed a better development in the vermicompost medium. In the study were examined stoma width, stoma length, stoma density, epidermal cell number, stoma index, leaf area, chlorophyll amount and color values (L *, a *, b *, Chroma and Hue). Among the color values, it was determined that L *, a *, b * and Chroma were statistically insignificant, but the Hue angle value was higher in the vermicompost medium. It was observed that the leaf area was higher in the vermicompost medium and decreased in parallel with the increasing salt stress. Similarly, it was determined that the size of the stoma decreased in parallel with the increase in the salt dose and has the highest value in vermicompost medium. It was concluded that stoma and epidermal cell density were in correlation and vermicompost medium was more effective in density.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Abiotic stress, color, stoma, vermicompost, common marigold

Vermikompostlu Ortamda Yetiştirilen Calendula officinalis L. Bitkisinde Tuz Stresinin Morfolojik ve Anatomik Gelişim Parametreleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Tarım arazilerinde yaşanan tuzluluk sorunu yoğun olarak üretimi yapılan türlerde yetiştiriciliği sınırlandırmaktadır. Özellikle kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerde yaşanan tuzluluk sorununa yönelik alternatifler geliştirilmekte ve toprağın organik maddece zenginleştirilmesi bunların en önemlilerinden birisi olarak görülmektedir. Toprak yapısını iyileştirme, verim ve kalitede artış, bitki büyüme ve gelişimi üzerinde olumlu etki gösteren vermikompost yetiştiricilikte yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Özellikle abiyotik stres faktörlerinden olan tuzluluk stresinde zararlanma derecesini kontrol grubuna kıyasla ciddi oranlarda azalttığı bilinmektedir. Yapılan çalışmada %30 vermikompostlu tarla toprağı ile %100 tarla toprağında yetiştirilen bitkilerin farklı tuz konsantrasyonundaki (kontrol (0), 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl) gelişimi incelenmiş ve bitkilerin vermikompostlu ortamda daha iyi bir gelişim gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada stoma eni, stoma boyu, stoma yoğunluğu, epidermal hücre sayısı, stoma indeksi, yaprak alanı, klorofil miktarı ve renk değerleri (L*, a*, b*, Chroma ve Hue) incelenmiştir. Renk değerlerinden L*, a*, b* ve Chroma’nın istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olduğu fakat Hue açı değerinin vermikompostlu ortamda daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yaprak alanının vermikompostlu ortamda daha yüksek olduğu ve artan tuz stresine paralel olarak azalış gösterdiği görülmüştür. Stoma boyutlarının da benzer şekilde vermikompostlu ortamda en yüksek değere sahip olduğu tuz dozu artışına paralel olarak azalış gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Stoma ve epidermal hücre yoğunluğunun korelasyon içerisinde olduğu ve vermikompostlu ortamın yoğunlukta daha etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Abiyotik stres, aynısafa, renk, stoma, vermikompost

Kaynakça

• Alef K, Nannipleri P (1995) Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Academic Press.
• Allu AD, Soja AM, Wu A, Szymanski J, Balazadeh S, 2014. Salt Stress and Senescence: İdentification of Cross-Talk Regulatory Components. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65, 3993-4008.
• Altay H, Aksu G, & Köksal SB, 2017. Vermikompostun Bazı Toprak Özellikleri ve Pazı Bitkisinde Verim Üzerine Etkisi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 123-128.
• Ansari BK, 2020. Çinko (Zn+2) Toksisitesi Koşullarında Aynısefa (Calendula Officinalis) Bitkisinin Morfolojik ve Fizyolojik Değişimlerinin Ve Fitoremediasyon Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yükseklisans Tezi (Basılmış).
• Anonim, 2021. https://leventkirca.com.tr/hue-acisi-nedir-excelde-hue-acisi-nasil-hesaplanir#:~:text=Hue%20de%C4%9Feri%200%20ise%20renk,ise%20ye%C5%9Fil%2C%20370%20is20ise%20mavidir.&text=Renk%20uzay%C4%B1nda%20yer%20alan%20noktan%C4%B1n,artt%C4%B1k%C3%A7a%20genel%20olarak%20renk%20parlakla%C5%9F%C4%B1r. (Erişim tarihi: 19.03.2021).
• Apel K, Hirt H, 2004: Reactive Oxygen Species: Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Signal Transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biology. 55, 373-399.
• Arancon NQ, Edwards CA, Bierman P, Metzger JD, Lee S, Welch C, 2003. Effects of Vermicomposts on Growth and Marketable Fruits of Field-Grown Tomatoes, Peppers and Strawberries. Pedobiologia 47: 731-735.
• Atiyeh RM, Subler, S, Edwards CA, Bachman G, Metzger JD, and Shuster W, 2000. Pedo Biologia, 44: 579- 590.
• Aydoğan A, Gürbüz A, Kaplan Evlice A, Karaca K, 2014. Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) Çeşitlerinde Yaprak ve Un Rengi ile Bazı Karakterler Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi. Tarla Bitkileri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20 (2), 17-23.
• Bañon Fernandez JA, Franco JA, Torrecillas A, Alarcón JJ, & Sánchez-Blanco MJ, 2004. Effects of Water Stress and Night Temperature Preconditioning on Water Relations and Morphological and Anatomical Changes of Lotus Creticus Plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 101, 333–342.
• Bayat H, Alirezaie M, & Neamati H, 2012. Impact of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Growth and Ornamental Characteristics of Calendula (Calendula Officinalis L.) under Salinity Stress. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 8(1).
• Benazzouk S, Dobrev PI, Djazouli ZE, Motyka V, & Lutts S, 2020. Positive İmpact of Vermicompost Leachate on Salt Stress Resistance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at the Seedling Stage: A Phytohormonal Approach. Plant and Soil, 446(1), 145-162.
• Bellitürk, K, 2016. Sürdürülebilir Tarımsal Üretimde Katı Atık Yönetimi İçin Vermikompost Teknolojisi. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(3), 1-5.
• Chaparzadeh N, D’Amico ML, Khavari-Nejad R, Izzo R, NavariIzzo F, 2004. Antioxidative Responses of Calendula offıcinalis under Salinity Conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 42, 695-701.
• Çağındı, Ö, & Ötleş, S, 2008. Farklı Demleme Sürelerinde Hazırlanan Bitki Çaylarının Antioksidan Aktiviteleri İle Renkleri Arasındaki Korelasyonun Belirlenmesi. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 10, 21-23.
• Çınar N, Aydinşakir K, Dinç N, Büyüktaş D & Işık M, 2016. Yerfıstığında (Arachis hypogaea L.) Su Stresinin Stoma Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 29(2).
• Dadali G, Demirhan E & Özbek B, 2007. Color Change Kinetics of Spinach Undergoing Microwave Drying. Drying Technology, 25(10), 1713-1723.
• Durand JL, Onillon B, Schnyder H, Rademacher I, 1995. Drought Effects on Cellular And Spatial Parameters of Leaf Growth in Tall Fescue. Journal of Experimental Botany. 46, 1147-1155.
• Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Kavuncu O, Gürbüz F, 1987. Research and Experimental Methods. Statistical Methods-II. Ankara University, Agriculture Faculty Press., 1:1021-1295.
• Edwards SE, Costa Rocha I, Williamson EM, Heinrich M, 2015. Phytopharmacy: An Evidence-Based Guide to Herbal Medicinal Products. ISBN: 978-1-118-54356-6, 414 pages, Wiley-Blackwell.
• Ferris R, Niju I, Behaeghe T, & Impens I, 1996. Elevated CO2 and Temperature Have Different Effects on Leaf Anatomy of Perennial Ryegrass in Spring and Summer. Annals of Botany, 78, 489–497.
• Gan Y, Zhou L, Shen ZJ, Shen ZX, Zhang YQ, Wang GX, 2010. Stomatal Clustering, A New Marker for Environmental Perception and Adaptation in Terrestrial Plants. Botanical Studies 51: 325-336.
• García-Galindo E, Nieto-Garibay A, Troyo-Diéguez E, Lucero-Vega G, Murillo-Amador B, Ruiz-Espinoza FH, & Fraga-Palomino HC, 2021. Germination of Salicornia bigelovii (Torr.) Under Shrimp Culture Effluents and the Application of Vermicompost Leachate for Mitigating Salt Stress. Agronomy, 11, 424.
• Garg, VK, Gupta, R &Yadav, A, 2010. Vermicomposting Technology for Solid Waste Management. http://www.environmental-expert.com Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2021.
• Gharineh MH, Khoddami HR, Rafieian-Kopaei M, 2013. The İnfluence of Different Levels of Salt Stress on Germination of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 5, 1581-1584.
• Haworth M, Marino G, Cosentino SL, Brunetti C, De Carlo A and Centritto M, 2018. Increased Free Abscisic Acid during Drought Enhances Stomatal Sensitivity and Modifies Stomatal Behaviour in Fast Growing Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 147: 116-124.
• Kastori R, Petrovic M, and Petrovic N, 2008. Effect of Excess Lead, Cadmium, Copper, And Zinc on Water Relations in Sunflower. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 15:(11): 2427-2439.
• Kıran S, 2019. Vermikompost Uygulamalarının Kuraklık Stresi Altındaki Kıvırcık Salatanın (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) Mineral İçerikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 22, 133-140.
• Kozminska A, Al Hassan M, Kumar D, Oprica L, Martinelli F, Grigore MN, Boscaiu M, 2017. Characterizing the Effects of Salt Stress in Calendula officinalis L. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 90, 323-329.
• Küçükyumuk Z, Gültekin M, Erdal İ, 2014. Vermikompost ve Mikorizanın Biber Bitkisinin Gelişimi ile Mineral Beslenmesi Üzerine Etkisi. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 51-58.
• Mehri N, Fotovat R, Saba J, Jabbari F, 2009. Variation of Stomata Dimensions and Densities in Tolerant and Susceptible Wheat Cultivars under Drought Stress. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment 7(1): 167-170.
• Meidner H, & Mansfield TA, 1968. Physiology of Stomata. Physiology of stomata. 1968 pp.179 pp. ref.Bibl. 177.
• Mısırlı A, Aksoy U, 1994. A Study on the Leaf and Stomatal Properties of Sarilop Fig Variety. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 31(2-3): 57-63.
• Mirzaie M, Ladanmoghadam AR, Hakimi L, anaee E, 2020. Water Stress Modifies Essential Oil Yield and Composition, Glandular Trichomes and Stomatal Features of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) İnoculated With Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology.
• Muhammad Z, Hussain F, 2010: Vegetative Growth Performance of Five Medicinal Plants under NaCl Stress. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42, 303-316.
• Munns R, Tester M, 2008: Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 9, 651-681.
• Nazdar T, Tehranifar A, Nezami A, Nemati H, & Samiei L, 2019. Physiological and Anatomical Responses of Calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) Cultivars to Heat-Stress Duration. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 94(3), 400-411.
• Oprica L, Grigore MN, Vochita G, 2015. Impact of Saline Stress on Growth and Biochemical Indices of Calendula officinalis Seedlings. Romanian Biotechnological Letters. 20, 11001-11017.
• Ozyigit II, Akinci S, 2009. Effects of Some Stress Factors (Aluminum, Cadmium and Drought) on Stomata of Roman Nettle (Urtica pilulifera L.). Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 37(1): 108-115.
• Sardoei AS, 2014. Vermicompost Effects on the Growth and Flowering of Marigold (Calendula officinalis). European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1):651-655.
• Sarker BC, Hara M, 2011. Effects of Elevated CO2 and Water Stress on the Adaptation of Stomata and Gas Exchange in Leaves of Eggplants (Solanum melongena L.). Bangladesh Journal of Botany 40(1): 1-8.
• Sharp RE, Silk WK, Hsiao TC, 1988. Growth of the Maize Primary Root at Low Water Potentials. I. Spatial Distribution of Expansive Growth. Plant Physiology. 87, 50-57.
• Swaefy HM, & El-Ziat RA, 2020. Calendula Response to Salinity Stress. New Perspectives in Agriculture and Crop Science Vol. 3, 978.
• Şelem E, Nohutçu L, Tunçtürk R, & Tunçtürk M, 2020. Geleneksel Otlu Peynirde Kullanılan Allium Türleri. Bahri Dağdaş Bitkisel Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 312-326.
• Taşova M, 2018. Düşük ve Yüksek Sıcaklıklarda Kurutulan Patlıcan (Solanum melongena L.) Dilimlerinin Kurutma Kinetiği ve Renk Değerleri Açısından En Uygun Kurutma Sıcaklığının Belirlenmesi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(2), 84-93.
• Tekin O, & Çavușoğlu, Ș, 2018. The Effects of Different Postharvest Applications on Some Physicochemical Properties in 'Rubygem' and 'Sabrina' Strawberry (Fragaria× Ananassa Duch.) Cultivars. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(4), 5299-5310.
• Toksoy E, 2019. Ispanakta Vermikompost (Solucan Gübresi) ve Karaizopot (Porcellio laevis) Gübresi Uygulamalarının Bitki Gelişimi ve Besin İçerikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans tezi (Basılmamış).
• Torbaghan ME, 2012. Effect of Salt Stress on Germination and Some Growth Parameters of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Plant Science - Journal. 1, 7-19.
• Tunçtürk M, Tunçtürk R,Oral E, & Baran İ, 2020. Humik Asitin Baklada (Vicia faba L.) Tuz (NaCl) Stresinin Azaltılması Üzerine Etkisi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(3), 2168-2179.
• Xu ZZ, Zhou GS, & Shimizu H, 2009. Effects of Soil Drought with Nocturnal Warming on Leaf Stomatal Traits and Mesophyll Cell Ultrastructure of a Perennial Grass. Crop Science, 49, 1843–1851.
• Xu Z and Zhou G, 2008. Responses of Leaf Stomatal Density to Water Status and Its Relationship with Photosynthesis in a Grass. Journal of Experimental Botany. 59(12): 3317-3325. 44.
• Yang H and Wang G, 2001. Leaf Sstomatal Densities and Distribution in Triticum aestivum under Drought and CO2 Enrichment. Acta Ecologica Sinica., 25(3): 312-316.
• Yuksek, T., Oğuztürk, T. Çorbacı, Ö. L. (2020). The Effect of Worm Fertilizer and Peat Applications on the Development of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Plant in Different Pot Environment. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences , 5 (4) , 743-749 .
• Zhang LR, Niu HS, Wang SP, Li YN, & Zhao XQ, 2010. Effects of Temperature Increase and Grazing on Stomatal Density and Length of Four Alpine Kobresia Meadow Species, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinicia, 30, 6961–6969.
• Zhang H, Wang X and Wang S, 2004. A Study on Stomatal traits of Platanus acerifolia under Urban StressJournal of Fudan University(Natural Science), 43(4): 651-656.