Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the diagnostic performance of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of secondary carious lesions under composite resin fillings applied to different types of cavities.

Materials and Methods: Occlusal cavities (O) (n=18), occlusal cavities with mesial or distal component (MO/DO) (n=30), and mesial–occlusal–distal cavities (MOD) (n=30) were prepared in seventy eight extracted human posterior teeth. In half of the cavities in each group, artificial secondary caries lesions were simulated. All cavities were restored by using composite resin. All specimens were embedded in silicone and they were positioned to have approximal contacts. CBCT imaging was done and data were evaluated two times with two week interval by two observers, using a five-point confidence scale. Intra- and inter-observer agreements were calculated with Kappa statistics (κ). The area under (A_z) the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy.

Results: Intra- (κ =0.89) and inter-observer (κ = 0.79) agreements were found to be excellent. A_z values were highest for the O restorations which is followed by the MOD and DO/MO restorations. A_z values for MOD and DO/MO restorations were very low and no statistically significant difference was found. Sensitivity for DO/MO restorations and specificity for MOD restorations were found to be the lowest values.

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