SULARDAKİ YÜKSEK FLORİD İÇERİĞİNİN FARKLI VÜCUT BÖLÜMLERİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 46 Sayı: 3, 78 - 90, 19.12.2012

Ümit Demirel Tuncay Delibaşı Gamze Aren

Öz

Flor elementi içme suyu sistemlerine yağmurlarla, flor içeren kayalar ve topraklardan eriyerek zeminden
yer altı sularına akar. Florid kirliliği çeşitli endüstriyel atıklar ve yayılımlarla da su kaynaklarına
bulaşır.Türkiye dahil dünyanın bazı bölgelerinde yeraltı sularının yüksek konsantrasyonda flor elementi
ile kontaminasyonu halk sağlığı açısından toksisite riski oluşturmaktadır.Çeşitli yiyecek ve su
kaynaklarındaki artan flor oranlarına yönelik yayınlar değerlendirildiğinde, insan ve hayvanlarda flor
elementinin vücut sistemlerinin gelişim ve fonksiyonlarının bozulması arasında bir bağlantının olup
olmadığının değerlendirilebileceği çalışmaların yürütülmesi acildir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Florid, toksik etki, yeraltı suları

Kaynakça

• 1. Whitford GM. Health effects of ingested fluoride. Washington: National Academy Press, 1993, p.199.
• 2. Boivin G, Meunier PJ. Fluoride and bone: toxicological and therapeutic aspects. In:Cohen RD, Lewis B, Alberti KGMM,et al., The metabolic and molecular basis of acquired disease. Balliere London: Tindall, 1990, p.1803-23.
• 3. Fejerskov O, Ekstrand J, Burt BA. Fluoride in dentistry. 2nd ed, Copenhagen: Munsksgaard, 1996.
• 4. Venkateswarlu P. Determination of total fluorine in serum and other biological materials by oxygen bomb and reverse extraction technique. Anal Biochem, 1975; 68: 512-21.
• 5. Mellberg JR, Ripa LW, Leske GS. Fluoride in preventive dentistry. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing, 1983.
• 6. Whitford G. The Metabolism and toxicity of fluoride. 2nd ed, Switzerland: Karger, 1996.
• 7. World Health Organization. Guidelines for drinking water equality. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 1984, p.249.
• 8. World Health Organization Expert Committee on oral health status and fluoride use. Fluorides and oral health. WHO Technical Report Series No. 846. Geneva: WHO, 1994.
• 9. Egemen A, Akflit S. Flor ve çocuk sağlığındaki yeri. Ege Pediatri Bülteni, 1997; 4: 65-84.
• 10. Orten JM, Neuhaus OW. Human biochemistry nutrition. Saint Louis: Mosby, 1975, p.549-51.
• 11. Whitford GM. Health effects of ingested fluoride. Washington: National Academy Press, 1993.
• 12. USDA National Fluoride Database of selected beverages and foods, 2004. http:// www. fortcollinscwa.org/pages/fluoride.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 25-09-2012.
• 13. Rao GS. Annual review of nutrition. In: Ensminger ME,Ensminger AH. Food and nutrition Encyclopedia. Florida: CRC Press, 1994, p.115-36.
• 14. Türkiyede çay tüketimi. http://www. finanstrend.com/haber/62464/turkiye-caytuketiminde-dunya-lideri, Erişim tarihi: 25¬ 09-2012.
• 15. Kalayci Ş, Somer G. Factors affecting the extraction of fluoride from tea: application to three tea samples. Fluoride, 2003; 36(4): 267-70.
• 16. Crimp R, Cronin S, Charley D, Op¬ penheimer C, Bani P. Dental fluorosis at¬ tributed to volcanic degassing on Ambrym, Vanuatu. Cities on Volcanoes 4t h Conference Quito, Ecuador. Abstract book, 2006; 23-27.
• 17. Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E, Fewtrell L,Magara Y. Fluoride in drinkingwater. World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water quality series, London: WHO, 2006.
• 18. Susheela AK. Fluoride toxicity ISFR, Delhi, India.1985, p.1-16.
• 19. World Health Organization (WHO), Water sanitation and health. Fluorosis, Geneva, WHO, 2011. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/di seases/fluorosi s/en/, Erişim tarihi: 26-09-2012.
• 20. Demirel Ü, Delibaşı T. Medical geology and fluorosis problem within the context of medical geology in Turkey. Medical Geology Newsletter, 2010; 17: 27-29.
• 21. Evans, RW,Darvell, BW. Refining the estimate of the critical period for susceptibility to enamel fluorosis in human maxillary central incisors. J Public Health Dent, 1995; 55: 238-49.
• 22. Fejerskov O,Manji F,Baelum RJ. The nature and mechanisms of dental fluorosis in man. J Dent Res, 1990; 69: 692-721.
• 23. Oruc N. Occurrence and problems of high fluoride waters in Turkey. Environ Geochem Health, 2008; 30(4): 315-23.
• 24. Demirel Ü. Flor elementinin canlı¬ lar üzerine etkisi ve Kapadokya bölgesinde florozis gerçeği. 1.Tıbbi Jeoloji Çalıştayı bildiriler kitabı, 2009; 186-99. http://www. jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/4fe5a851b42e219_ ek.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 22-09-2012.
• 25. Enerji Hammadde Etüt ve Arama Daire Başkanlığı 2011 yılı faaliyet raporu. Ankara, 2011, s.41. http://www.mta.gov.tr/ v2.0/daire-baskanliklari/enerji/images/2011_ faaliyet.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 22-09-2012.
• 26. Report from the XXVIIIth Conference of the International Society for Fluoride.Toronto, Canada, 2008, p.173-76. http://www. fluorideresearch.org/413/files/FJ2008_v41_ n3_p173-176.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 26-09-1012.
• 27. Susheela AK. Fluorosis: An easily preventable disease through practice of in¬ terventions. Doctor's Handbook. New Delhi: WHO Country Office, 2005, p.7-14.
• 28. Joly SS, Sing BM, Mathur OC, Malhotra KC. Epidemiological clinical and Ü. Demirel, T. Delibaşı, G. Aren biochemical study of endemic dental and skeletal fluorosis in Punjab. British Med J, 1968; 4: 427.
• 29. Shusheela AK, Jha M. Fluoride ingestion and its influence on glucosaminoglycans in cancellous and cortical bones - A structural and biochemical study. Fluoride, 1982; 15(4): 191-98.
• 30. Susheela AK,Suresh KJ. Fluoride toxicity: erythrocyte membrane abnormality and echinocyte formation. Studies in Envi¬ ronmental Science, 1986; 27: 231-39. http:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0166111608718478, Erişim tarihi: 24-09¬ 2012.
• 31. Susheela AK, Kumar A, Bhatnagar M, Bahadur R.Prevalence of endemic fluorosis with gastro-intestinal manifestation in people living in some North -Indian villages. Fluoride, 1993; 26(2): 97-104.
• 32. Das TK, Susheela AK, Gupta IP, Tandon RK, Ghosh P, Deka RC. Toxic effect of chronic fluoride ingestion on the upper gastrointestinal. Tract J Gastroenterol, 1996; 31: 333-37.
• 33. Dasarathy S, Das TK, Gupta IP, Susheela AK, Tandon RK. Gastroduodenal manifestations in patients with skeletal fluorosis. J Gastroenterol, 1996; 31(3): 333-37.
• 34. Susheela AK, Jethanandani P. Circulating testosterone levels in skeletal fluorosis patients, J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1996; 34: 2.
• 35. Chanemouga S: To study the effect(s) of fluoride contamination of drinking wa¬ ter on human semen statu and sperm ultra structure. Department of Obstrectics and Gynaceology, MD Thesis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 1998.
• 36. Sesikeran B, Krishnamurthy D, Harinarayana Rao S, Ramachandran EP, Raja Reddy D. Studies on skeletal muscle biopsies in endemic skeletal fluorosis. Neurol India, 2000; 48(2): 187-88.
• 37. Gupta SK, Khan TI, Gupta RC. Compensatory hyperparathyroidism following high fluorine ingestions - a clinico-biochemical correlation. Indian Pediatr, 2001; 38:139-46.
• 38. Jooste PL, Weight MJ, Kriek JA, Louw AJ. Endemic goiter in the absence of iodine deficiency in schoolchildren of the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1999; 53: 8-12.
• 39. Desai VK, Solanki DM, Bansalm RK. Epidemiological study on goitre in endemic fluorosis district of Gujarat. Fluoride, 1993; 26(3): 187- 90.
• 40. Susheela AK, M Bhatnagar M,Vig K,Mondald NK. Excess fluoride ingestion and thyroid hormone derangements in chil¬ dren living in Delhi, India. Fluoride, 2005; 38(2): 98-108.
• 41. United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS.gov). HHS and EPA announce new scientific assessments and actions on fluoride-Agencies working together to maintain benefits of prevent¬ ing tooth decay while preventing excessive exposure, 2011. http://www.hhs.gov/news/ press/2011pres/01/20110107a.html, Erişim tarihi: 25-09-2012.