Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers

Ramiz Görkem Birdal

doi:10.33187/jmsm.1705745

Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that most profoundly affects motor capabilities. Machine learning approaches have emerged as potential tools for early diagnosis, accomplished through analysis of impairments exhibited in handwriting and drawing tests. In contrast with previous studies, in this work, ensemble learning approaches are incorporated in PD detection through handwriting tests for assessments of motor capabilities for the first time. Specifically, a composite ensemble approach is utilized, combining Random Forest and Gradient Boosting Classifiers, with a Voting Classifier added for enhancing model robustness and preventing overfitting, allowing for increased generalization to new cases. In addition, a careful analysis of feature importance is conducted, and it is determined that pressure and tilt variation act as key markers for PD-related impairments in motor capabilities. Earlier studies have focused predominantly on analysis of motion path locations (X, Y coordinates); in contrast, in this work, the dynamics of variation in pressure and tilt, factors relatively less focused upon but with increased diagnostic value, are emphasized. In contrast with conventional studies utilizing static handwriting tests, in this work, velocity variation enters into diagnostics, and analysis is conducted of variation in drawing fluidity and rapid motion variation contributing to classification performance.

Keywords

Ensemble learning, Feature engineering, Gradient boosting classifiers, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Random forest

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Modelling and Simulation, Artificial Intelligence (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ramiz Görkem Birdal ^*
0000-0003-1283-0530
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 3, 2025

Publication Date

September 11, 2025

Submission Date

May 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 25, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.33187/jmsm.1705745

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA87LM72EJ

APA

Birdal, R. G. (2025). Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling, 8(3), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.33187/jmsm.1705745

AMA

1.Birdal RG. Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling. 2025;8(3):144-152. doi:10.33187/jmsm.1705745

Chicago

Birdal, Ramiz Görkem. 2025. “Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers”. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling 8 (3): 144-52. https://doi.org/10.33187/jmsm.1705745.

EndNote

Birdal RG (September 1, 2025) Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling 8 3 144–152.

IEEE

[1]R. G. Birdal, “Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers”, Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 144–152, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.33187/jmsm.1705745.

ISNAD

Birdal, Ramiz Görkem. “Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers”. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling 8/3 (September 1, 2025): 144-152. https://doi.org/10.33187/jmsm.1705745.

JAMA

1.Birdal RG. Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling. 2025;8:144–152.

MLA

Birdal, Ramiz Görkem. “Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers”. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling, vol. 8, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 144-52, doi:10.33187/jmsm.1705745.

Vancouver

1.Ramiz Görkem Birdal. Ensemble Learning-Based Approach for Parkinson’s Disease Detection Using Random Forest and Gradient Boosting on Spiral Drawing Biomarkers. Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Modelling. 2025 Sep. 1;8(3):144-52. doi:10.33187/jmsm.1705745