Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach

Erkam Emin Ayvaz; Mevlüt Üzülmez; Didem Erşen; Hicran Ergen

doi:10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297

EN

Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach

Abstract

The tourism sector is directly linked to air transportation, with air travel accounting for a large share of global travel demand. However, air transportation increases environmental impacts and poses a significant threat to sustainability due to its high carbon emissions. In this context, the relationship between tourism and air transportation is a critical area that requires the development of policies and practices to reduce the carbon footprint. This study investigates the dynamic link among tourism, air transportation and CO2 emissions for the period 1995-2019 in 10 Mediterranean countries. To investigate the relationship between our variables, autoregressive distributed lag approach is used. According to ARDL long run estimations, it is stated that the increase air transportation increases the CO2 emissions. Similar to air transportation, increase in tourism and economic growth results in an increase in CO2 emissions. Finally, causality test of Dumitrescu and Hurlin is applied. Causality results stated 2 causalities between variables. There are unidirectional causalities from CO2 emissions to air transportation and from tourism to CO2 emissions. Also, policy and further research implications are discussed regard to selected countries.

Keywords

CO2 Emissions, Air Transportation, Tourism, ARDL, Mediterranean countries

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Tourism Economics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Erkam Emin Ayvaz ^*
0000-0001-8213-5117
Türkiye

Mevlüt Üzülmez
0000-0002-4606-7468
Türkiye

Didem Erşen
0000-0002-9273-6407
Türkiye

Hicran Ergen
0000-0003-2449-8918
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

September 9, 2025

Publication Date

December 21, 2025

Submission Date

September 24, 2024

Acceptance Date

August 31, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 10 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA87YR75FA

APA

Ayvaz, E. E., Üzülmez, M., Erşen, D., & Ergen, H. (2025). Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism, 10(3), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297

AMA

1.Ayvaz EE, Üzülmez M, Erşen D, Ergen H. Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach. Jomat. 2025;10(3):297-313. doi:10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297

Chicago

Ayvaz, Erkam Emin, Mevlüt Üzülmez, Didem Erşen, and Hicran Ergen. 2025. “Interaction Between Air Transportation, Tourism and CO2 Emissions: The Panel ARDL Approach”. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism 10 (3): 297-313. https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297.

EndNote

Ayvaz EE, Üzülmez M, Erşen D, Ergen H (December 1, 2025) Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism 10 3 297–313.

IEEE

[1]E. E. Ayvaz, M. Üzülmez, D. Erşen, and H. Ergen, “Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach”, Jomat, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 297–313, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297.

ISNAD

Ayvaz, Erkam Emin - Üzülmez, Mevlüt - Erşen, Didem - Ergen, Hicran. “Interaction Between Air Transportation, Tourism and CO2 Emissions: The Panel ARDL Approach”. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism 10/3 (December 1, 2025): 297-313. https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297.

JAMA

1.Ayvaz EE, Üzülmez M, Erşen D, Ergen H. Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach. Jomat. 2025;10:297–313.

MLA

Ayvaz, Erkam Emin, et al. “Interaction Between Air Transportation, Tourism and CO2 Emissions: The Panel ARDL Approach”. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism, vol. 10, no. 3, Dec. 2025, pp. 297-13, doi:10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297.

Vancouver

1.Erkam Emin Ayvaz, Mevlüt Üzülmez, Didem Erşen, Hicran Ergen. Interaction between air transportation, tourism and CO2 emissions: The panel ARDL approach. Jomat. 2025 Dec. 1;10(3):297-313. doi:10.31822/jomat.2025-10-3-297

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Verimlilik Dergisi

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1846415

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