Research Article
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Rates of diagnosis through screening and factors associated with screening among patients with colorectal cancer

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 6, 667 - 672, 27.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1809147

Abstract

Aims: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Screening programs increase survival by enabling early detection of the disease and reduce the costs of advanced-stage treatment. This study aimed to determine the rate of diagnosis through screening programs in patients diagnosed with CRC and to evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical factors affecting this rate.
Methods: This prospective cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on 257 patients diagnosed with CRC at the Medical Oncology Outpatient Clinic of Ankara Etlik City Hospital. Patients were divided into two groups: those diagnosed through the screening program and those diagnosed as a result of symptomatic referral. The groups were compared in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Related variables were first evaluated using univariate analysis, and variables found to be significant were included in multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Results: The median age of participants was 65, and 61.9% were male. 11.7% of patients were diagnosed through the screening program, while 88.3% were diagnosed as a result of symptomatic presentation. The majority of patients diagnosed through screening were in the early-stage disease group (72.7%). In the screening group, the proportion of women (60.0%), the proportion of university graduates (50.0%), and the presence of a family history of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer were significantly higher (p=0.009, p<0.001, and p=0.01, respectively). In univariate analysis, female gender (p=0.011), high education level (p<0.001), and family history of GI cancer (p=0.013) showed a significant association with diagnosis through screening. In contrast, no significant association was found with age, income level, tumor location, comorbidity, family history of other cancer and number of medications used (p>0.05). In the multivariate analysis, female gender (OR=0.10; 95% CI: 0.03–0.30; p<0.001) and university education (OR=36.05; 95% CI: 9.41–138.10; p<0.001) remained independent predictors. A family history of GI cancer lost its significance.
Conclusion: Participation in CRC screening programs is low, and most patients are diagnosed after presenting with symptoms. Female gender and high educational level are independent factors that increase the likelihood of early diagnosis through screening. Increasing access to screening services, strengthening health literacy, and promoting public awareness campaigns are important for the early diagnosis of CRC and improving survival.

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Etlik City Hospital Scientific Research and Ethics Committee (Date: 06.08.2025, Decision No: 2025-375). All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. As the study was designed as an analytical cross-sectional study involving voluntary participation, written informed consent was obtained from all participants before inclusion in the study. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and that no financial support was received for this study.

Supporting Institution

absent

References

  • Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-249. doi:10. 3322/caac.21660
  • Robertson DJ, Lee JK, Boland CR, et al. Recommendations on fecal immunochemical testing to screen for colorectal neoplasia: a consensus statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):1217-1237. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.053
  • Bretthauer M, Løberg M, Wieszczy P, et al. Effect of colonoscopy screening on risks of colorectal cancer and related death. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(17):1547-1556. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208375
  • Doubeni CA, Crossnohere NL, Senore C. Applicability of number needed to screen or invite as measures of cancer screening efficiency beyond clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(10):e2435615. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35615
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17-48. doi:10.3322/caac.21763
  • Council of the European Union. Council Recommendation on strengthening prevention through early detection: a new EU approach on cancer screening replacing Council Recommendation 2003/878/EC. Off J Eur Union. 2022;100:1-10.
  • Shaukat A, Kahi CJ, Burke CA, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: colorectal cancer screening 2021. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(3):458-479. doi:10. 14309/ajg.0000000000001122
  • Numanoğlu Tekin R, Denemeç S. Cancer screening in the world and in Turkey: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Guven Med Health Sci J. 2024;1(2):46-52. doi:10.62351/gmhs.2024.008
  • Dogan E, Cengiz M, Bozkurt O, Inanc M, Ozkan M. Impact of clinicopathological features on prognosis in KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. J Acad Med Sci. 2025;63(1):30-85. doi:10.4999/uhod. 257981
  • Holme Ø, Løberg M, Kalager M, et al. Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(6):606-615. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.8266
  • Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, et al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(25):2345-2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1114635
  • Sadeghi A, Salar S, Karimi Moghadam P, et al. Design and evaluation of a colon cancer mobile application. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024;24(1):185. doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03275-y
  • Zorzi M, Hassan C, Capodaglio G, et al. Divergent long-term detection rates of proximal and distal advanced neoplasia in fecal immunochemical test screening programs: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(9):602-609. doi:10.7326/M18-0855
  • National Cancer Institute. Colorectal cancer screening (PDQ®): health professional version. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 2002.
  • Shaukat A, Levin TR. Current and future colorectal cancer screening strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(8):521-531. doi:10. 1038/s41575-022-00661-3
  • Ola I, Cardoso R, Hoffmeister M, et al. Utilization of colorectal cancer screening tests: a systematic review and time trend analysis of nationally representative data. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;75:102783. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102783
  • Lau J, Lim TZ, Wong GJ, et al. The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: a systematic review. Prev Med Rep. 2020;20:101223. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101223
  • Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, et al. Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2021;31(2):346-355. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203
  • Mozafar Saadati H, Khodamoradi F, Salehiniya H, et al. Associated factors of survival rate and screening for colorectal cancer in Iran: a systematic review. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2020;51(2):401-411. doi:10.1007/s12029-019-00275-0
  • Lee R, Holmes D rs and recommendations for colorectal cancer screening in Africa. Glob Health Action. 2023;16(1):2181920. doi:10.1080/ 16549716.2023.2181920
  • Kanth P, Inadomi JM. Screening and prevention of colorectal cancer. BMJ. 2021;374:n1855. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1855
  • De Marco MF, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Van der Heijden LH, et al. Comorbidity and colorectal cancer according to subsite and stage: a population-based study. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(1):95-99. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00221-X
  • Tekpınar H, Özen M, Aşık Z. Evaluation of the patients who apply to family medicine policlinic. Turk J Fam Pract. 2018;22(1):28-36. doi:10. 15511/tahd.18.00128
  • Aytepe UE, Donmez E. Colorectal cancer screening behaviors in Turkey, influencing factors and reasons for not participating in the screening: systematic review. J Public Health Nurs. 2022;4(1):56-76.

Kolorektal kanserli hastalarda tarama ile tanı alma oranları ve tarama ile ilişkili faktörler

Year 2025, Volume: 6 Issue: 6, 667 - 672, 27.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1809147

Abstract

Amaç: Kolorektal kanser (KRK), dünya genelinde morbidite ve mortalitenin önde gelen nedenlerinden biridir. Taramalar, hastalığın erken evrede saptanmasını sağlayarak sağkalımı artırmakta ve ileri evre tedavi maliyetlerini azaltmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, KRK tanısı almış hastalarda tarama programı aracılığıyla tanı konma oranının belirlenmesi ve bu durumu etkileyen sosyodemografik ve klinik faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu prospektif kesitsel analitik çalışma, Etlik Şehir Hastanesi Tıbbi Onkoloji Polikliniği’nde KRK tanısı alan 257 hasta üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Hastalar, tarama programı aracılığıyla tanı alanlar ve semptomatik başvuru sonucu tanı alanlar olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplar demografik ve klinik özellikler açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. İlişkili değişkenler önce univaryant analiz ile değerlendirilmiş, anlamlı bulunan değişkenler çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizine dahil edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların medyan yaşı 65 olup, %61,9’u erkekti. Hastaların %11,7’sine tarama programı aracılığıyla, %88,3’üne semptomatik başvuru sonucu tanı konulmuştur. Tarama ile tanı alan hastaların büyük kısmı erken evre hastalık grubunda yer almıştır(%72.7). Tarama grubunda kadın oranı (%60,0),üniversite mezunu oranı (%50,0) soygeçmişte GİS (gastrointestinal) kanseri olma durumu anlamlı derecede yüksekti (sırasıyla p=0,009, p<0,001 ve p=0,01). Univaryant analizde kadın cinsiyet (p=0,011), yüksek eğitim düzeyi (p<0,001) ve soy geçmişte (p=0,013) tarama ile tanı alma ile anlamlı ilişki göstermiştir. Buna karşın yaş, gelir düzeyi, tümör lokalizasyonu, komorbidite ve kullanılan ilaç sayısı değişkenleriyle anlamlı ilişki saptanmamıştır (p>0,05). Çok değişkenli analizde kadın cinsiyet (OR=0,10; %95 GA: 0,03–0,30; p<0,001) ve üniversite mezunu olma (OR=36,05; %95 GA: 9,41–138,10; p<0,001) bağımsız belirleyiciler olarak kalmıştırsoygeçmişte GİS kanser bulunma durumu anlamlılığını kaybetmiştir.
Sonuç: Kolorektal kanser tarama programlarına katılım oranı düşük olup, hastaların çoğu semptomatik başvuru sonrasında tanı almaktadır. Kadın cinsiyet ve yüksek eğitim düzeyi, tarama yoluyla erken tanı alma olasılığını artıran bağımsız faktörlerdir. Tarama hizmetlerine erişimin artırılması, sağlık okuryazarlığının güçlendirilmesi ve toplumsal farkındalık çalışmalarının yaygınlaştırılması, kolorektal kanserin erken tanısı ve sağkalımın iyileştirilmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, Etlik Şehir Hastanesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar ve Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (Tarih: 06.08.2025, Karar No: 2025-375). Çalışmada gerçekleştirilen tüm işlemler, kurumun ve/veya ulusal araştırma komitesinin etik standartlarına, ayrıca 1964 Helsinki Bildirgesi ve sonraki revizyonlarına uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışma gönüllü katılım esasına dayalı kesitsel analitik bir tasarımda gerçekleştirildiğinden, çalışmaya dâhil edilmeden önce tüm katılımcılardan yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır. Yazarlar, bu çalışma ile ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmadığını ve çalışmanın herhangi bir mali destek almadığını beyan etmektedir.

Supporting Institution

yok

References

  • Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-249. doi:10. 3322/caac.21660
  • Robertson DJ, Lee JK, Boland CR, et al. Recommendations on fecal immunochemical testing to screen for colorectal neoplasia: a consensus statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):1217-1237. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.08.053
  • Bretthauer M, Løberg M, Wieszczy P, et al. Effect of colonoscopy screening on risks of colorectal cancer and related death. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(17):1547-1556. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2208375
  • Doubeni CA, Crossnohere NL, Senore C. Applicability of number needed to screen or invite as measures of cancer screening efficiency beyond clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(10):e2435615. doi:10. 1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.35615
  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, et al. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17-48. doi:10.3322/caac.21763
  • Council of the European Union. Council Recommendation on strengthening prevention through early detection: a new EU approach on cancer screening replacing Council Recommendation 2003/878/EC. Off J Eur Union. 2022;100:1-10.
  • Shaukat A, Kahi CJ, Burke CA, et al. ACG clinical guidelines: colorectal cancer screening 2021. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(3):458-479. doi:10. 14309/ajg.0000000000001122
  • Numanoğlu Tekin R, Denemeç S. Cancer screening in the world and in Turkey: colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Guven Med Health Sci J. 2024;1(2):46-52. doi:10.62351/gmhs.2024.008
  • Dogan E, Cengiz M, Bozkurt O, Inanc M, Ozkan M. Impact of clinicopathological features on prognosis in KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. J Acad Med Sci. 2025;63(1):30-85. doi:10.4999/uhod. 257981
  • Holme Ø, Løberg M, Kalager M, et al. Effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(6):606-615. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.8266
  • Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, et al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(25):2345-2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1114635
  • Sadeghi A, Salar S, Karimi Moghadam P, et al. Design and evaluation of a colon cancer mobile application. BMC Gastroenterol. 2024;24(1):185. doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03275-y
  • Zorzi M, Hassan C, Capodaglio G, et al. Divergent long-term detection rates of proximal and distal advanced neoplasia in fecal immunochemical test screening programs: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(9):602-609. doi:10.7326/M18-0855
  • National Cancer Institute. Colorectal cancer screening (PDQ®): health professional version. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 2002.
  • Shaukat A, Levin TR. Current and future colorectal cancer screening strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(8):521-531. doi:10. 1038/s41575-022-00661-3
  • Ola I, Cardoso R, Hoffmeister M, et al. Utilization of colorectal cancer screening tests: a systematic review and time trend analysis of nationally representative data. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;75:102783. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102783
  • Lau J, Lim TZ, Wong GJ, et al. The health belief model and colorectal cancer screening in the general population: a systematic review. Prev Med Rep. 2020;20:101223. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101223
  • Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, et al. Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2021;31(2):346-355. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203
  • Mozafar Saadati H, Khodamoradi F, Salehiniya H, et al. Associated factors of survival rate and screening for colorectal cancer in Iran: a systematic review. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2020;51(2):401-411. doi:10.1007/s12029-019-00275-0
  • Lee R, Holmes D rs and recommendations for colorectal cancer screening in Africa. Glob Health Action. 2023;16(1):2181920. doi:10.1080/ 16549716.2023.2181920
  • Kanth P, Inadomi JM. Screening and prevention of colorectal cancer. BMJ. 2021;374:n1855. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1855
  • De Marco MF, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Van der Heijden LH, et al. Comorbidity and colorectal cancer according to subsite and stage: a population-based study. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(1):95-99. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00221-X
  • Tekpınar H, Özen M, Aşık Z. Evaluation of the patients who apply to family medicine policlinic. Turk J Fam Pract. 2018;22(1):28-36. doi:10. 15511/tahd.18.00128
  • Aytepe UE, Donmez E. Colorectal cancer screening behaviors in Turkey, influencing factors and reasons for not participating in the screening: systematic review. J Public Health Nurs. 2022;4(1):56-76.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Oncology, Family Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Safiye Kübra Çetindağ Karatlı 0000-0001-7439-9622

Salih Karatlı 0000-0002-4237-1606

Submission Date October 23, 2025
Acceptance Date November 15, 2025
Publication Date December 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 6 Issue: 6

Cite

AMA Çetindağ Karatlı SK, Karatlı S. Rates of diagnosis through screening and factors associated with screening among patients with colorectal cancer. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. December 2025;6(6):667-672. doi:10.47582/jompac.1809147

TR DİZİN ULAKBİM and International Indexes (1d)

Interuniversity Board (UAK) Equivalency: Article published in Ulakbim TR Index journal [10 POINTS], and Article published in other (excuding 1a, b, c) international indexed journal (1d) [5 POINTS]



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