Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes

Melisa Gölgelioğlu; Halenur Öner Soy

Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the association between body-mass index (BMI) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels across polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotypes. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 364 females with PCOS classified into Rotterdam phenotypes A, B, C, and D. Participants were categorized according to BMI as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Serum AMH levels were compared across phenotypes and BMI categories. Correlation analyses assessed the relationship between BMI and AMH, and multivariable linear regression determined whether BMI was independently associated with log-transformed AMH after adjustment for age, phenotype, and HOMA-IR. Results: The cohort included phenotypes A, B, C, and D in 148 (40.7%), 62 (17.0%), 79 (21.7%), and 75 (20.6%) females, respectively. AMH levels differed significantly across PCOS phenotypes (p<0.001), with the highest values in phenotypes A and C and the lowest in phenotype D. AMH levels decreased across BMI categories in phenotypes A, B, and D, but not in phenotype C. BMI was inversely correlated with AMH in the total cohort (ρ=−0.27, p<0.001), and this correlation was significant in phenotypes A, B, and D, but not in phenotype C. In multivariable analysis, BMI remained independently associated with lower AMH after adjustment for age, phenotype, and HOMA-IR (β=−0.035, p<0.001), whereas HOMA-IR was not independently associated with AMH (p=0.321). Conclusion: AMH levels vary according to both BMI and Rotterdam phenotype in females with PCOS. Higher BMI is independently associated with lower AMH levels, but this association differs across phenotypic subgroups.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

No funding

Ethical Statement

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the XXX University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee before data collection (Approval No: 2026-GOKAEK-269_2026.04.29_160; Approval Date: 29 April 2026). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee due to the retrospective design and use of anonymized data.

References

Joham AE, Norman RJ, Stener-Victorin E, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(9):668-680. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00163-2
Romualdi D, Florio C, Tagliaferri V, et al. The role of anti-Müllerian hormone in the characterization of the different polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. Reprod Sci. 2016;23(5):655-661. doi:10.1177/1933719115611751
Gupta M, Yadav R, Mahey R, et al. Correlation of body-mass index, anti-Müllerian hormone, and insulin resistance among different polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes: a cross-sectional study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019;35(11):970-973. doi:10.1080/09513590.2019.1613640
Krentowska A, Kowalska I. Metabolic syndrome and its components in different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2022;38(1):e3464. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3464
Helvacı N, Yildiz BO. Polycystic ovary syndrome as a metabolic disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21(4):230-244. doi:10.1038/s41574-024-01057-w
Sova H, Unkila-Kallio L, Tiitinen A, et al. Hormone profiling, including anti-Müllerian hormone, for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome and characterization of PCOS phenotypes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019; 35(7):595-600. doi:10.1080/09513590.2018.1559807
Piltonen T, Komsi E, Morin-Papunen L, et al. AMH as part of the diagnostic PCOS workup in large epidemiological studies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023;188(6):547-554. doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad065
Schwenck-Carvalho P, Maffazioli G, Simões R, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone levels across phenotypes in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocr Soc. 2025;10(3):bvaf199. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvaf199

Misra S, Gada JV, Chauhan Y, et al. Comparative study of anti-Müllerian hormone and its correlation with androgens and insulin resistance in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2025;29(3):319-324. doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_491_24
Kloos J, Coyne K, Weinerman R. The relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone, body-mass index and weight loss: a review of the literature. Clin Obes. 2022;12(6):e12559. doi:10.1111/cob.12559
Kloos J, Perez J, Weinerman R. Increased body-mass index is negatively associated with ovarian reserve as measured by anti-Müllerian hormone in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin Obes. 2024;14(3): e12638. doi:10.1111/cob.12638
Zhang M, Liu X, Xu X, et al. The reference value of anti-Müllerian hormone to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome is inversely associated with BMI: a retrospective study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2023;21(1):15. doi:10.1186/s12958-023-01064-y
Zhao H, Zhou D, Liu C, et al. The relationship between insulin resistance and obesity and serum anti-Müllerian hormone level in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a retrospective, single-centre cohort study. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:151-166. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S393594
Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven J, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-Based Guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2023; 189(2):G43-G64. doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad096
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004; 81(1):19-25. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004
Lizneva D, Suturina L, Walker W, et al. Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(1):6-15. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.05.003
You Y, Guo Z, Hong X, et al. Age- and BMI-stratified assessment of serum anti-Müllerian hormone as a biomarker for polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis in Chinese women. BMC Endocr Disord. 2026;26(1): 46. doi:10.1186/s12902-025-02136-3
Borzan V, Schmid V, Birkenfeld AL, et al. Risk of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in women with hyperandrogenaemia: a comparison between PCOS phenotypes and beyond. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(4):829. doi:10.3390/jcm10040829
Malhotra N, Mahey R, Cheluvaraju R, et al. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels among different PCOS phenotypes and its correlation with clinical, endocrine, and metabolic markers of PCOS. Reprod Sci. 2023;30(8):2554-2562. doi:10.1007/s43032-023-01195-y
Li X, Tang Q, Feng Y, et al. The relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone and body composition components in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome of reproductive age. Reprod Sci. 2024;31(9):2843-2848. doi:10.1007/s43032-024-01561-4
Dilaver N, Pellatt L, Jameson E, et al. The regulation and signalling of anti-Müllerian hormone in human granulosa cells: relevance to polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(12):2467-2479. doi:10.1093/humrep/dez214
Moolhuijsen LME, Visser JA. Anti-Müllerian hormone and ovarian reserve: update on assessing ovarian function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(11):3361-3373. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa513
Morimoto A, Teh WT, Lim R, et al. Granulosa cell metabolism at ovulation correlates with oocyte competence and is disrupted by obesity and aging. Hum Reprod. 2024;39(9):2053-2066. doi:10.1093/humrep/deae154
Barbagallo F, van der Ham K, Willemsen SP, et al. Age-related curves of AMH using the Gen II, the picoAMH, and the Elecsys assays in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024; 109(10):2561-2570. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae153
Karaviti E, Karaviti D, Kani ER, et al. The role of anti-Müllerian hormone: insights into ovarian reserve, primary ovarian insufficiency, and menopause prediction. Endocrine. 2025;89(2):338-355. doi:10.1007/s12020-025-04265-0

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Melisa Gölgelioğlu ^*
0000-0002-0008-4078
Türkiye

Halenur Öner Soy
0009-0005-6413-0677
Türkiye

Publication Date

October 25, 2026

Submission Date

July 28, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 30, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 7 Number: 5

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Gölgelioğlu, M., & Öner Soy, H. (2026). Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care, 7(5), 972-978. https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT

AMA

1.Gölgelioğlu M, Öner Soy H. Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. 2026;7(5):972-978. https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT

Chicago

Gölgelioğlu, Melisa, and Halenur Öner Soy. 2026. “Association Between Body-Mass Index and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels across Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes”. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care 7 (5): 972-78. https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT.

EndNote

Gölgelioğlu M, Öner Soy H (October 1, 2026) Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care 7 5 972–978.

IEEE

[1]M. Gölgelioğlu and H. Öner Soy, “Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes”, J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 972–978, Oct. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT

ISNAD

Gölgelioğlu, Melisa - Öner Soy, Halenur. “Association Between Body-Mass Index and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels across Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes”. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care 7/5 (October 1, 2026): 972-978. https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT.

JAMA

1.Gölgelioğlu M, Öner Soy H. Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac. 2026;7:972–978.

MLA

Gölgelioğlu, Melisa, and Halenur Öner Soy. “Association Between Body-Mass Index and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels across Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes”. Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care, vol. 7, no. 5, Oct. 2026, pp. 972-8, https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT.

Vancouver

1.Melisa Gölgelioğlu, Halenur Öner Soy. Association between body-mass index and anti-Müllerian hormone levels across polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / jompac [Internet]. 2026 Oct. 1;7(5):972-8. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA49PU45JT