<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>selçuk i̇letişim</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Selçuk İletişim</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2148-2942</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Selçuk Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18094/josc.1685942</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Communication and Media Studies (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>X’te Politikanın Anlam Üretimi: Popülizmin Yükselişi</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Meaning-Making of Politics on X: The Rise of Populism</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5758-7792</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Karakuş</surname>
                                    <given-names>Melis</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>UŞAK ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260415">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>15</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>19</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>38</fpage>
                                        <lpage>59</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250428">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>28</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250923">
                        <day>09</day>
                        <month>23</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1999, Selçuk İletişim</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1999</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Selçuk İletişim</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de popülist siyaset pratiklerinin sosyal medya aracılığıyla nasıl inşa edildiğini ve özellikle mültecilere yönelik söylemlerin bu bağlamda nasıl şekillendiğini analiz etmektedir. Popülizmin, halk ve elitler arasındaki gerilimi vurgulayan, ulusal kimlik ve güvenlik kaygılarını ön plana çıkaran bir siyasal strateji olarak işlev gördüğü öne sürülmektedir. Çalışmada, Zafer Partisi Genel Başkanı Ümit Özdağ’ın X (eski adıyla Twitter) platformundaki mültecilere ilişkin 2024 yılı boyunca yaptığı paylaşımlar netnografik yöntemle incelenmiştir. Analiz sürecinde, Özdağ’ın söylemleri dört ana tema çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir: (1) Halk ve elit ayrımı, (2) Ekonomik kaynakların adaletsiz dağıtımı, (3) Güvenlik kaygıları ve kriminalizasyon, (4) Demografik değişim korkusu. Bulgular, Özdağ’ın sosyal medya paylaşımlarında yoğun biçimde popülist ve milliyetçi söylemler kullandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Halkın mağduriyetini vurgulayan ve elitleri sorumlu tutan bir söylem üzerinden inşa edilen bu mesajlar, ekonomik ve güvenlik tehditleriyle ilişkilendirilerek desteklenmiştir. Mülteciler, ekonomik kaynakların adaletsiz dağıtımının ve artan suç oranlarının başlıca nedeni olarak sunulurken, demografik değişim vurgusuyla ulusal kimliğin tehdit altında olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, sosyal medyanın popülist liderler için bir siyasal mobilizasyon aracı olarak nasıl işlev gördüğünü ve dijital platformların popülist söylemlerin üretimi ile dolaşımı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Sonuç olarak, sosyal medya, popülist siyasetçilerin kamuoyunu şekillendirme ve geniş kitlelere ulaşma süreçlerinde önemli bir alan olarak öne çıkmaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study analyzes how populist political practices are constructed through social media in Turkey and how discourses targeting refugees are shaped within this context. It is argued that populism functions as a political strategy that emphasizes the tension between the people and the elites while foregrounding concerns related to national identity and security. The study employs a netnographic approach to examine the social media posts of Ümit Özdağ, the Chairman of the Victory Party, regarding refugees on X (formerly Twitter) throughout 2024. The analysis categorizes Özdağ’s discourse into four main themes: (1) the people-elite divide, (2) the unequal distribution of economic resources, (3) security concerns and criminalization, and (4) fears of demographic change. The findings indicate that Özdağ extensively employs populist and nationalist rhetoric in his social media posts. These messages construct a narrative emphasizing public victimization while holding the elites accountable, often linking this narrative to economic and security threats. Refugees are portrayed as the primary cause of the unequal distribution of economic resources and rising crime rates, while demographic change is framed as a threat to national identity. This study explores how social media functions as a tool for political mobilization among populist leaders and examines the impact of digital platforms on the production and circulation of populist discourse. Ultimately, the study underscores the critical role of social media in shaping public opinion and expanding the reach of populist political actors.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Popülizm</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Popülist Lider</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Siyasal Söylem</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sosyal Medya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Netnografi</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Populism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Populist Leader</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Political Discourse</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Social Media</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Netnography</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arditi, B. (2003). Populism, or, politics at the edges of democracy. Contemporary Politics, 9(1), 17-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aytaç, S. E., &amp; Elçi, E. (2018). Populism in Turkey. İçinde (Ed. D. Stockemer) Populism around the world: A comparative perspective (s. 89-108). Springer.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Balcı, E. V., &amp; Karakuş, M. (2023). Populist discourses of political leaders in Turkey on Twitter: “You can’t, I will”. Journal for Cultural Research, 4(27), 421-438.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bartl, M., Kannan, V. K., &amp; Stockinger, H. (2016). A review and analysis of literature on netnography research. International Journal of Technology Marketing, 11(2), 165-196.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Betz, H. G. (1993). The two faces of radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. The Review of Politics, 55(4), 663-686.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Camus, R. (2011). Le grand remplacement. Reinharc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Canovan, M. (2004). Populism for political theorists? Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(3), 241-252.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chevigny, P. (2003). The populism of fear: Politics of crime in the Americas. Punishment &amp; Society, 5(1), 77-96.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Costello, L., McDermott, M. L., &amp; Wallace, R. (2017). Netnography: Range of practices, misperceptions, and missed opportunities. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dhakal, K. (2022). NVivo. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 110(2).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Di Tella, T. S. (1965). Populism and reform in Latin America. İçinde (Ed. C. Ve&#039;liz) Obstacles to change in Latin America (s. 47–74). Oxford.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elçi, E. (2019). The rise of populism in Turkey: A content analysis. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 19(3), 387-408.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elçi, E. (2024). Right-wing populism in Turkey and the 2023 elections. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 24(2), 297–317.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., &amp; Büchel, F. (2017). Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication &amp; Society, 20(8), 1109-1126.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ernst, N., Blassnig, S., Engesser, S., &amp; Büchel, F. (2019). Populists prefer social media over talk shows: An analysis of populist messages and stylistic elements across six countries. Social Media + Society, 5(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Evrensel. (2024). https://www.evrensel.net/haber/528309/suriyeliler-suc-oranini-artiriyor-iddiasini-tuik-verileri-yalanladi adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gerbaudo, P. (2014). Populism 2.0: Social media activism, the generic internet user and interactive direct democracy. İçinde (Ed. D. Trottier &amp; C. Fuchs) Social media, politics and the state (s. 67-87). Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gerbaudo, P. (2018). Social media and populism: an elective affinity? Media, Culture &amp; Society, 40(5), 745-753.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gökçekuyu, E., &amp; Özgür, H. (2024). Populist rhetoric, rise of far-right and the Turkish case. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, 11(2), 95-111.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gualda, R. (2019). Hugo Chávez’s contemporary Latin American populist discourse. İçinde (Ed. M. Macaulay) Populist discourse: International perspectives (s. 59-87). Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haskell, J. (2000). Direct democracy or representative government? Dispelling the populist myth. Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Huysmans, J. (2004). Minding exceptions: The politics of insecurity and liberal democracy. Contemporary Political Theory, (3), 321-341.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jagers, J., &amp; Walgrave, S. (2007). Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties&#039; discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political Research, 46(3), 319-345.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (1998). On netnography: Initial reflections on consumer research investigations of cyberculture. Advances in Consumer Research, (25), 366-371.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using netnography for marketing research in online communities. Journal of Marketing Research, (XXXIX), 61-72.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Netnography: Redefined. Sage.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Laclau, E. (2005). La razón populista. FCE.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lazar, M. (2021). European populism, from left to right. https://www. institutmontaigne. org/en/analysis/european-populism-left-right adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lutz, P. (2019). Variation in policy success: Radical right populism and migration policy. West European Politics, 42(3), 517-544.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government &amp; Opposition (39), 541-563.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mudde, C. (2013). Three decades of populist radical right parties in Western Europe: So what? European Journal of Political Research (52), 1-19.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Müller, J. W. (2016). What is populism? University of Pennsylvania Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">News, E. (2019). https://tr.euronews.com/2019/03/20/avrupali-irkcilarin-komplo-teorisi-buyuk-yer-degistirme-nedir adresinden alındı.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özçetin, B. (2019). The show of the people’against the cultural elites: Populism, media and popular culture in Turkey. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 5-6(22), 942-957.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Peters, B. G., &amp; Pierre, J. (2019). Populism and public administration: Confronting the administrative state. Administration &amp; Society, 51(10), 1521-1545.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schoor, C. (2019). Where the real people meet the real elite: Exploring mixes of populism with Elitism. Populism, 2(2), 184-206. Stanley, B. (2008).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95-110.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Urbinati, N. (2019). Political theory of populism. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 111-127.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Uslu, C. (2021). Bir ideoloji olarak popülizm. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 217-230.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ware, A. (2002). The United States: Populism as political strategy. İçinde (Ed. Y.Mény &amp; Y. Surel) Democracies and the populist challenge (s. 101-119). Palgrave Macmillan UK.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. Sage.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wojczewski, T. (2020). Trump, populism, and American foreign policy. Foreign Policy Analysis, 16(3), 292-311.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yardımcı Geyikçi, Ş., &amp; Yavuzyılmaz, H. (2024). The 2023 Turkish election: A tale of two campaigns and the duel of populisms. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yegen, C., Ayhan, B., &amp; Demir, Y. (2022). Twitter’s role in digital democracy, post-truth, and political polarization. Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations, 24(12), 45-65.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zararsız, Ö. F., &amp; Seyhan, A. S. (2024). Traditional origins of populist political discourse in Türkiye: A visual discourse analysis on Erdoğan’s Instagram posts. Review of Communication, 24(1), 36-57.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
