Distribution of Chromium Species and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Various Industrial Effluents in Hyderabad and Jamshoro, Pakistan

Abstract

This research aimed to quantify the speciation of chromium in different industrial effluent samples of Hyderabad and Jamshoro, Pakistan. The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) was determined by microsample injection system flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (MIS-FAAS). The total chromium was measured by MIS-FAAS after the oxidation of trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) by Ce(SO4)2 in an acidic medium (0.07 M H2SO4). The content of Cr(III) was measured by the difference method (total chromium – hexavalent chromium). In the effluent samples of textile and fabrics industries, the total Cr was observed 400 to 1600 times higher than the US-EPA and WHO regulatory limit (0.10 mg/L) in the industrial discharge. In the effluent of food and plastic industries, the Cr(VI) was found to be high as compared to the Cr(III), and the Cr(III) was observed high in the effluent samples of chemical as well as textile and fabrics industries. The Cr(VI) was higher than the US-EPA and WHO regulatory limit (0.05 mg/L) in the effluent samples of all selected industries, but the Cr(III) was within the US-EPA and WHO regulatory limit (170 mg/L) in the industrial discharges.

Keywords

• Chromium
• Solid phase extraction
• Micro sample injection system
• Flame atomic absorption
• Industrial effluent

References

1. 1. Nwosu UL, Ajiwe VIE, Okoye PAC. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Effluents from three (3) Food Industries in Nnewi/Ogidi areas of Anambra State, Nigeria. IOSRJESTFT. 2014;8(11):13–21.
2. 2. Baig JA, Kazi TG, Shah AQ, Kandhro GA, Afridi HI, Khan S, et al. Arsenic speciation and other parameters of surface and ground water samples of Jamshoro, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2012 Jan 15;92(1):28–42.
3. 3. Baig JA, Hol A, Akdogan A, Kartal AA, Divrikli U, Kazi TG, et al. A novel strategy for chromium speciation at ultra-trace level by microsample injection flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J Anal At Spectrom. 2012;27(9):1509.
4. 4. Pavesi T, Moreira JC. Mechanisms and individuality in chromium toxicity in humans. J Appl Toxicol. 2020 Sep;40(9):1183–97.
5. 5. DesMarias TL, Costa M. Mechanisms of chromium-induced toxicity. Current Opinion in Toxicology. 2019 Apr;14:1–7.
6. 6. Matos GD, dos Reis EB, Costa ACS, Ferreira SLC. Speciation of chromium in river water samples contaminated with leather effluents by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after separation/preconcentration by cloud point extraction. Microchemical Journal. 2009 Jul;92(2):135–9.
7. 7. Gopi Krishna P, Mary Gladis J, Rambabu U, Prasada Rao T, Naidu GRK. Preconcentrative separation of chromium(VI) species from chromium(III) by coprecipitation of its ethyl xanthate complex onto naphthalene. Talanta. 2004 Jun;63(3):541–6.
8. 8. Alamri S, Ali HM, Khan MIR, Singh VP, Siddiqui MH. Exogenous nitric oxide requires endogenous hydrogen sulfide to induce the resilience through sulfur assimilation in tomato seedlings under hexavalent chromium toxicity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020 Oct;155:20–34.

9. 9. El-Shahawi MS, Hassan SSM, Othman AM, El-Sonbati MA. Retention profile and subsequent chemical speciation of chromium (III) and (VI)) in industrial wastewater samples employing some onium cations loaded polyurethane foams. Microchemical Journal. 2008 Jun;89(1):13–9.
10. 10. Pakade VE, Tavengwa NT, Madikizela LM. Recent advances in hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions by adsorptive methods. RSC Adv. 2019;9(45):26142–64.
11. 11. Pradhan D, Sukla LB, Sawyer M, Rahman PKSM. Recent bioreduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2017 Nov;55:1–20.
12. 12. Zhou L, Li R, Zhang G, Wang D, Cai D, Wu Z. Zero-valent iron nanoparticles supported by functionalized waste rock wool for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2018 May;339:85–96.
13. 13. Matsuoka S, Nakatsu Y, Takehara K, Saputro S, Yoshimura K. On-line Electrochemical Oxidation of Cr(III) for the Determination of Total Cr by Flow Injection-Solid Phase Spectrophotometry. Anal Sci. 2006 Dec;22(12):1519–24.
14. 14. Wolf RE, Morrison JM, Goldhaber MB. Simultaneous determination of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) using reversed-phased ion-pairing liquid chromatography with dynamic reaction cell inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom. 2007;22(9):1051.
15. 15. Rodrigues E, Almeida O, Brasil H, Moraes D, dos Reis MAL. Adsorption of chromium (VI) on hydrotalcite-hydroxyapatite material doped with carbon nanotubes: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study. Applied Clay Science. 2019 May;172:57–64.
16. 16. Rajesh N, Jalan RK, Hotwany P. Solid phase extraction of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions by adsorption of its diphenylcarbazide complex on an Amberlite XAD-4 resin column. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008 Feb;150(3):723–7.
17. 17. Hasan SMdM, Akber MdA, Bahar MdM, Islam MdA, Akbor MdA, Siddique MdAB, et al. Chromium Contamination from Tanning Industries and Phytoremediation Potential of Native Plants: A Study of Savar Tannery Industrial Estate in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2021 Jun;106(6):1024–32.
18. 18. Asad S, Amoozegar MA, Pourbabaee AA, Sarbolouki MN, Dastgheib SMM. Decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. Bioresource Technology. 2007 Aug;98(11):2082–8. 19. Godoy V, Blázquez G, Calero M, Quesada L, Martín-Lara MA. The potential of microplastics as carriers of metals. Environmental Pollution. 2019 Dec;255:113363.
19. 20. Kazemi A, Esmaeilbeigi M, Sahebi Z, Ansari A. Health risk assessment of total chromium in the qanat as historical drinking water supplying system. Science of The Total Environment. 2022 Feb;807:150795.
20. 21. Granato ET, Meiller-Legrand TA, Foster KR. The Evolution and Ecology of Bacterial Warfare. Current Biology. 2019 Jun;29(11):R521–37.
21. 22. Channa GM, Baig J, Kazi T, Afridi H. Quantitative Assessment of Some Toxic Elements and Physicochemical Parameters in Wastewater of Dyeing Industry: A Case Study. Pak J Anal Environ Chem. 2020 Jun 30;21(1):132–9.
22. 23. Baig JA, Kazi TG, Elci L, Afridi HI, Khan MI, Naseer HM. Ultratrace Determination of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) by Microsample Injection System Flame Atomic Spectroscopy in Drinking Water and Treated and Untreated Industrial Effluents. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry. 2013;2013:1–8.
23. 24. Arain SA, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Arain MS, Panhwar AH, Khan N, et al. A new dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using ionic liquid based microemulsion coupled with cloud point extraction for determination of copper in serum and water samples. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2016 Apr;126:186–92.
24. 25. Akhtar K, Ahmed Baig J, Gul Kazi T, Sirajuddin, Imran Afridi H, Naz Talpur F, et al. Novel fluoride selective voltammetric sensing method by amino phenylboronic acid-zirconium oxide nanoparticles modified gold electrode. Microchemical Journal. 2022 Mar;174:107073.
25. 26. Ghaly A, Mahmoud N, Ibrahim M, Mostafa E, Abdelrahman E, Emam R, et al. Water use, wastewater characteristics, bes t management practices and reclaimed water criteria in the carwash industry: a review. International Journal of Bioprocess & Biotechnological Advancements. 2021;7(1):240–61.
26. 27. Azeem H. Analysis of industrial waste water from Kot Lakhpat area (Lahore, Pakistan) by atomic absorption spectrometer. Biologia (Pakistan). 2009;55(1 & 2):35–41.
27. 28. Akan JC, Ogugbuaja VO, Abdulrahman FI, Ayodele JT. Pollutant levels in effluent samples from tanneries and textiles of Kano industrial areas, Nigeria. Glo Jnl Pure Appl Sci [Internet]. 2009 Dec 3 [cited 2022 Oct 26];15(3–4).
28. 29. Mahmoud ME, Yakout AA, Ahmed SB, Osman MM. Speciation, selective extraction and preconcentration of chromium ions via alumina-functionalized-isatin-thiosemicarbazone. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008 Oct 30;158(2–3):541–8.
29. 30. Treviño P, Ibáñez Cornejo JG, Vázquez Medrano RC. Chromium (VI) reduction kinetics by zero-valent aluminum. Int J Electrochem Sci. 2014;9:2556–64.
30. 31. Kiptoo J. Speciation studies of nickel and chromium in wastewater from an electroplating plant. Talanta. 2004 Sep;64(1):54–9.
31. 32. El-Shahawi MS, Bashammakh AS, Abdelmageed M. Chemical Speciation of Chromium(III) and (VI) Using Phosphonium Cation Impregnated Polyurethane Foams Prior to Their Spectrometric Determination. Anal Sci. 2011 Jul;27(7):757–63.
32. 33. Parveen R, Ashfaq M, Qureshi J, Ali SMM, Qadri M. Estimation of Chromium in Effluents from Tanneries of Korangi Industrial Area. Pak J Chem. 2013 Mar 30;3(1):29–33.
33. 34. Rehman A, Shakoori FR, Shakoori AR. Heavy metals resistant rotifers from a chromium contaminated wastewater can help in environmental clean-up. Pakistan J Zool. 2008;40(5):309–16.
34. 35. Shukla O, Rai U, Dubey S. Involvement and interaction of microbial communities in the transformation and stabilization of chromium during the composting of tannery effluent treated biomass of Vallisneria spiralis L. Bioresource Technology. 2009 Apr;100(7):2198–203.
35. 36. Abdolmohammad-Zadeh H, Sadeghi GH. A nano-structured material for reliable speciation of chromium and manganese in drinking waters, surface waters and industrial wastewater effluents. Talanta. 2012 May;94:201–8.