Studying the Effectiveness of an Expired Betamethasone Drug in Sulfuric Acid Solutions to Examine the Corrosive Behavior of Copper Using Weight Loss and Experimental Design

Abstract

Utilizing expired pharmaceuticals as corrosion inhibitors for copper in acidic environments offers compelling advantages, including cost-effectiveness, reduced toxicity compared to traditional inhibitors, and contribution to pharmaceutical waste reduction through recycling. This study investigates the corrosion inhibition of copper in a sulfuric acid solution using varying concentrations of Expired Betamethasone Drug, employing weight loss and Experimental Design methods. The influence of temperature on copper's corrosion behavior is examined within the range of 293–333 K. Results show that inhibition efficiency increases with higher inhibitor concentrations but decreases with rising temperature. Thermodynamic analyses elucidate adsorption and activation processes, revealing that the adsorption of Expired Betamethasone Drug on copper surfaces is characterized as endothermic and spontaneous, aligning well with the Langmuir and Frumkin adsorption isotherms. The activation and free energies of inhibition reactions support a mechanism of physical adsorption. To establish the relationship between factors and responses, we employ response surface methodology (RSM) with regression statistical analysis and probabilistic assessment. Statistical analysis demonstrates highly significant quadratic models for inhibition efficiencies (IE) with a coefficient of multiple regressions (R²) of 0.999. Further model validation confirms a strong fit (adjusted R² = 0.997), with experimental observations closely matching predictions and a highly significant model (Q² = 0.989). The findings reveal that this expired drug exhibits substantial inhibitory power, exceeding 96%, in both experimental and predictive calculations.

Keywords

• Corrosion inhibition
• Copper
• Expired Drug
• Adsorption isotherms
• Thermodynamic parameters
• Experimental Design

References

1. 1. Zhao Y, Wu Z, Di Carlo F, Li H, Qian B, Feng Z. Enhancing the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Copper by Introducing Nanocarbon Derived from Polydopamine Coating. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019; 78:288–293. Available from:
2. 2. Lee S.K, Hsu H.C, Tuan W.H. Oxidation behavior of copper at a temperature below 300C and the methodology for passivation. Materials Research. 2016;19:51-56. Available from:
3. 3. Dwivedi A. Bharti P, Shukla S. Surface assimilation and corrosion inhibition characteristic of water-soluble Polyvinyl Alcohol on mild steel surface in 0.5M HCl solution. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 2021; 8(1): 217-228. Available from:
4. 4. Dwivedi A, Bharti P, Shukla S. K. An Overview of the Polymeric Materials that can be Used to Prevent Metal Corrosion: A Review. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry. 2021; 8(3): 863-872. Available from:
5. 5. Hong S, Chen W, Zhang Y, Li M, Li N. Investigation of the inhibition effect of trithiocyanuric acid on corrosion of copper in 3.0 wt. % NaCl. Corrosion Science. 2013;66:308–314. Available from:
6. 6. Attar T, Benchadli A, Choukchou-Braham E. Inhibition of corrosion of copper by polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine in sulfuric acid medium. Algerian Journal of Materials Chemistry. 2022;5(1):1–8. Available from:
7. 7. Belarbi N, Dergal F, El-Haci I, Attar T et al. Gravimetric, Electrochemical, and Surface Morphological Studies of Ammodaucus Lecotrichus Essential Oil as Corrosion Inhibitor for Copper Surface in Hydrochloric Acid Medium. Analytical and Bioanalytical Electrochemistry. 2021;13(3):340-357. Available from:
8. 8. Attar T, Nouali F, Kibou Z, Choukchou-Braham E. Corrosion inhibition, adsorption and thermodynamic properties of 2-aminopyridine derivatives on the corrosion of carbon steel in sulfuric acid solution. Journal of Chemical Sciences. 2021;133(109):1-10. Available from:

9. 9. Quraishi M. Electrochemical and theoretical investigation of triazole derivatives on corrosion inhibition behaviour of copper in hydrochloric acid medium. Corrosion Science. 2013;70:161–169. Available from:
10. 10. Benachour , Abderrahmane S, Athmani S, Gülfeza K. A study on the inhibition effect of expired Amoxicillin on mild steel corrosion in 1N HCl. Materials Research Express. 2019;6:4. Available from:
11. 11. Yang L, Zhang H, Paul Fawcett J, Mikov M, Tucker I. G. Effect of bile salts on the transport of morphine-6-glucuronide in rat brain endothelial cells. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011;100(4):1516-24. Available from:
12. 12. Lyon RC, Taylor JS, Porter DA, Prasanna HR and Hussain AS. Stability profiles of drug products extended beyond labeled expiration dates. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006; 95(7):1549-1560. Available from:
13. 13. Duca D A, Dan M L, Vaszilcsin N. Expired Domestic Drug - Paracetamol - as Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Acid Media. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2018; 416 : 012043. Available from:
14. 14. Singh A, Pramanik T, Kumar A, Gupta, Phenobarbital M. A new and effective corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2013;25:9808–9812. Available from:
15. 15. Akpan IA, Offiong NO. Amodiaquine drug as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.1M HCl solution. Chemistry of Metals Alloys.2014;7:149–153. Available from:
16. 16. Rotaru I, Varvara S, Gaina L, Muresan L M. Antibacterial drugs as corrosion inhibitors for bronze surfaces in acidic solutions. Applied Surface Science. 2014;321:188–196. Available from:
17. 17. Fouda AS, Rashwan SM, Kamel MM. Tenormin drug as save corrosion inhibitor for 304 stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solutions. Der Pharma Chemica. 2015;7:22–33. Available from:
18. 18. Kumar A, Bashir S. Ethambutol: A new and effective corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in acidic medium. Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 2016;89:1158–1163. Available from:
19. 19. Fouda AS, Elewady GY, Abdallah YM, Hussien GM. Anticorrosion potential of salazopyrin drug for copper in nitric acid solution. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2016; 7:267–281. Available from: 20. Karthik G, Sundaravadivelu M. Studies on the inhibition of mild steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid solution by atenolol drug. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 2016;25:183–191. Available from:
20. 21. Khan M. Z. H, Aziz M. A, Hasan M. R, Al-Mamun M. R. The role of drug as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel surface characterization by SEM, AFM, and FTIR. Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials. 2016;63:308–315. Available from:
21. 22. Gece G, Bilgiç S. A quantum chemical insight into corrosion inhibition effects of moxifloxacin and betamethasone drugs. International Journal of Corrosion and Scale Inhibition. 2018;7:25. Available from:
22. 23. Yavari Z, Darijani M, Dehdab M. Comparative theoretical and experimental studies on corrosion inhibition of aluminum in acidic media by the antibiotics drugs. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transaction A: Science. 2018;42:1957–1967. Available from:
23. 24. Fajobi MA, Fayomi OSI, Akande IG, Odunlami OA. Inhibitive performance of ibuprofen drug on mild steel in 0.5 M of H2SO4 acid. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion. 2019; 5:79. Available from:
24. 25. Hebbar N, Praveen B. M, Prasanna B. M, Deepa A. Electrochemical and adsorption studies of telmisartan for mild steel in acidic medium. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion. 2019; 5:40. Available from:
25. 26. Aldana-González J, Espinoza-Vázquez A, Romero-Romo M, Uruchurtu-Chavarin J, Palomar-Pardavé M. Electrochemical evaluation of cephalothin as corrosion inhibitor for API 5L X52 steel immersed in an acid medium. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2019;12:3244–3253. Available from:
26. 27. Abdallah M, Gad EAM, Sobhi M, Al-Fahemi JH, Alfakeer MM. Performance of tramadol drug as a safe inhibitor for aluminum corrosion in 1.0 M HCl solution and understanding mechanism of inhibition using DFT. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 2019;28:173–181. Available from:
27. 28. El-Haddad MN, Fouda AS, Hassan AF. Data from chemical, electrochemical and quantum chemical studies for interaction between Cephapirin drug as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor and carbon steel surface in acidic medium. Chemical Data Collections. 2019; 22:100251. Available from:
28. 29. Feng L. Two novel drugs as bio-functional inhibitors for copper performing excellent anticorrosion and antibacterial properties. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2020;190:110898. Available from:
29. 30. Iroha NB, Ukpe RA. Investigation of the inhibition of the corrosion of carbon steel in solution of HCl by glimepiride. Communication in Physical Sciences. 2020;5:246–256. Available from:
30. 31. Maduelosi NJ, Iroha NB. Insight into the adsorption and inhibitive effect of spironolactone drug on C38 carbon steel corrosion in hydrochloric acid environment. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion. 2021;7:6. Available from:
31. 32. Benchadli A, Attar T, Choukchou-Braham E. Inhibition of Carbon Steel Corrosion in Perchloric Acid Solution by Povidone Iodine. Physical Chemistry Research. 2019;7(4):837-848. Available from:
32. 33. Emrani V, Zandi M, Asadollahzadeh H. The Inhibitory Effect of Amoxicillin on Aluminum Corrosion in a Gel Electrolyte. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2022;17:2. Available from:
33. 34. Alamry KA, Khan A, Aslam J, Hussein MA, Aslam R. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution by the expired Ampicillin drug. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):6724. Available from:
34. 35. Benchadli A, Mellal T, Attar T, Dali Youcef B, Choukchou-Braham E. Optimization of Inhibition Efficiencies Process of Polyvinylpyrrolidone using Response Surface Methodology. Revista Mexicana de Física. 2022;68(4):1-11. Available from:
35. 36. Attar T, Benchadli A, Mellal T. Application of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine complex as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel using experimental design method. Algerian Journal of Engineering and Technolog. 2022;6(1):14-18. Available from:
36. 37. Haladu SA, Mu’azu ND, Ali SA, Elsharif AM, Odewunmi NA, Abd El-Lateef HM. Inhibition of mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 by a gemini surfactant 1, 6-hexyldiyl-bis-(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide): ANN, RSM predictive modeling, quantum chemical and MD simulation studies. Journal of Molecular Liquids. .2022;350:118533. Available from:
37. 38. Kumari P, Lavanya M. Optimization of inhibition efficiency of a schiff base on mild steel in acid medium: electrochemical and RSM approach. Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion. 2021;7(3):110. Available from:
38. 39. Saikia T, Mahto V. Experimental investigations and optimizations of rheological behavior of drilling fluids using RSM and CCD for gas hydrate-bearing formation. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2018; 43(11):6541–6554. Available from:
39. 40. Attar T, Larabi L, Harek Y. The Inhibition effect of potassium iodide on the corrosion of pure iron in sulfuric acid. Advances in Chemistry. 2014; 2014:1-5. Available from:
40. 41. Benchadli A, Attar T, Messaoudi B, Choukchou-Braham E. Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in a Perchloric Acid Solution: Effect of Structural Size. Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry. 2021;49(1):59-69. Available from:
41. 42. Ogunleye OO, Arinkoola AO, Eletta OA, Agbede OO, Osho YA, Morakinyo AF, Hamed JO. Green corro-sion inhibition and adsorption characteristics of Luffa cylindrica leaf extract on mild steel in hydrochloric acid environment. Heliyon. 2020 Jan 17;6(1):e03205. Available from:
42. 43. Nwabanne J.T, Okafor V.N. Adsorption and ther-modynamics study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4 medium using Vernonia amygda-lina. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering. 2012;11:885-890. Available from:
43. 44. Alinnor I.J, Ejikeme P.M. Corrosion inhibition of aluminum in acidic medium by different extracts of Ocimum gratissimum. Journal of the American Chemi-cal Society. 2012; 2:122-135. Available from:
44. 45. Ebenso E.E, Alamu H, Umoren S.A, Obot I.B. Inhi-bition of mild steel corrosion in sulphuric acid using alizarin yellow dye and synergistic iodide additive. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2008;3(12):1325-1339.
45. 46. Chauhan L.R, Gunasekaran G. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by plant extract in dilute HCl medium. Corrosion Science.2007;49:1143-1161. Available from:
46. 47. Attar T, Benkhaled A, Benchadli A, Choukchou-Braham E. Etude de l’inhibition de la corrosion de l’acier au carbone en milieu sulfurique par polyéthylène glycol. Rev mater énerg renouv. 2022;6(1):1-7. Available from:
47. 48. Akinbulumo OA, Odejobi OJ, Odekanle EL. Thermodynamics and adsorption study of the corrosion inhibition of mild steel by Euphorbia heterophylla L. extract in 1.5 M HCl. Results in Materials. 2020;5: 100074. Available from:
48. 49. Attar T, Benchadli A, Messaoudi B, Benhadria N. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Eosin Y Dye as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in Perchloric Acid Solution. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis. 2020,15(2):454-464. Available from:
49. 50. Attar T, Messaoudi B, Benchadli A, Choukchou-Braham E. Experimental and theoretical studies of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine on carbon steel corrosion in 1M hydrochloric solution. Revue Roumaine de Chimie. 2021;66(8-9):761–770. Available from:
50. 51. Attar T, Benchadli A, Messaoudi B, Choukchou-Braham E. Corrosion Inhibition, Adsorption and Thermodynamic Properties of Poly (Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) on Carbon Steel in Phosphoric Acid Medium. French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry. 2022;10(1):70-83. Available from:
51. 52. Benchadli A, T. Attar, Choukchou-Braham E. Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel (XC 38) in hydrochloric acid by potassium iodide. The Journal of Applied Research on Science and Technology. 2018;(5):834-844. Available from:
52. 53. Attar T, Benchadli A, Messaoudi B, Choukchou-Braham E. Corrosion inhibition efficiency, experimental and quantum chemical studies of neutral red dye for carbon steel in perchloric acidic media. Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 2022;(16):440-447. Available from:
53. 54. Salam KK, Agarry SE, Arinkoola AO, Shoremekun IO. Optimization of operating conditions affecting microbiologically influenced corrosion of mild steel exposed to crude oil environments using response surface methodology. Biotechnology Journal International. 2015;7(2):68–78. Available from:
54. 55. Dwivedi A, Bharti PK, Shukla SK. Interaction of water soluble polyacrylic acid with mild steel / hydro-chloric acid interface. In: International Conference on Contemporary Research in Mechanical Engineering with focus on Materials and Manufacturing. Lucknow--India: IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2018. p. 1–11. Available from:
55. 56. Attar T, Benchadli A, Mellal T, Dali Youcef B, Choukchou-Braham E. Use of Experimental Designs to Evaluate the Influence of Methyl Green Dye as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel in Perchloric Acid. Malaysian Journal of Chemistry. 2021;(23):60-69. Available from:
56. 57. Ahmadi S, Khormali A, Meerovich Khoutoriansky F. Optimization of the demulsification of water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions using response surface methodology. Fuel. 2022;323:124270. Available from:
57. 58. Karimifard S, Alavi Moghaddam MR. Application of response surface methodology in physicochemical removal of dyes from wastewater: a critical review. Science of the Total Environment. 2018;640:772–797. Available from:
58. 59. Antony J. A systematic methodology for design of experiments. Design of experiments for engineers and scientists, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Netherlands, 2014; 33–50. Available from: