Spectrophotometric determination of Meloxicam in Pure Form and its Pharmaceutical Formulation following azo dye formation with 4-nitroaniline

Abstract

A fast, cheap, and straightforward spectrophotometric method has been proposed to determine meloxicam (MEL) in its pure form and pharmaceutical formulation. The technique involves diazotizing the (NH2) group in 4-nitroaniline with NaNO2 followed by a reaction with meloxicam to produce a stable and colored complex in a basic medium. This complex demonstrates maximum absorbance at 514 nm. The developed method's linearity ranges from 2.0 - 25 μg mL-1, and the molar absorptivity is 1.5989×104 L mol-1 cm-1. The RSD% is lower than 1.55%. Additionally, the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.2019 μg mL-1. The method successfully determines the pharmaceutical preparation containing meloxicam (Loxim tablets) with a recovery rate of no less than 97.9%.

Keywords

• Spectrophotometric
• Diazotization coupling reaction
• Meloxicam
• 4-Nitroaniline

References

1. 1. Chaudhary M, Bhardwaj K, Verma G, Kumar P. Validated analytical method development for the determination of Meloxicam by UV spectroscopy in API and pharmaceutical dosage form. Asian J Pharm Educ Res [Internet]. 7(2):60–9. Available from: .
2. 2. Hasan SH, Othman NS, Surchi KM. Spectrophotometric method for determination of meloxicam in pharmaceutical formulations using N-bromosuccinimide as an oxidant. Int J Pharma Sci Res [Internet]. 2014;5(12):963–9. Available from: .
3. 3. Ganna Olegivna S, Tetyana Stanislavivna T, Olga Leonidivna L, Olena Valeryivna S. Biochemical confirmation of anti-inflammatory activity of oxicam-based pharmaceutical compositions. J Turkish Chem Soc Sect A Chem [Internet]. 2018 Sep 1;5(3):1407–12. Available from: .
4. 4. Donchenko A, Vasyuk S, Nahorna N. Extraction-free spectrophotometric determination of meloxicam using bromothymol blue. Ankara Univ Eczac Fak Derg [Internet]. 2023 Jul 17;47(3):752–60. Available from: .
5. 5. Abbas RF, Mahdi NI, Waheb AA, Aliwi AG, Falih MS. Fourth derivative and compensated area under the curve spectrophotometric methods used for analysis meloxicam in the local market tablet. Al-Mustansiriyah J Sci [Internet]. 2018;29(3):70–6. Available from: .
6. 6. Gurupadayya BM, Trinath MN, Shilpa & K. Spectrophotometric determination of meloxicam by sodium nitroprusside and 1,10-phenanthroline reagents in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulation. Indian J Chem Technol [Internet]. 2013;20:111–5. Available from: .
7. 7. Mahood AM, Najm NH. Spectrophotometric estamation of meloxicam using charge transfer complex. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng [Internet]. 2019 Jul 1;571(1):012081. Available from: .
8. 8. Chaplenko AA, Monogarova O V., Oskolok K V. Spectroscopic and colorimetric determination of meloxicam, lornoxicam, tenoxicam in drugs. Int J Pharm Biol Arch [Internet]. 2018 Apr 26;9(1):31–5. Available from: .

9. 9. Aydoğmuş Z, Alim F. Determination of meloxicam in tablets by third derivative uv spectrophotometric method. J Adv Res Heal Sci [Internet]. 2024 Jan 19;7(1):61–7. Available from: .
10. 10. Antonio M, Carneiro RL, Maggio RM. A comparative approach of MIR, NIR and raman based chemometric strategies for quantification of form I of meloxicam in commercial bulk drug. Microchem J [Internet]. 2022 Sep 1;180:107575. Available from: .
11. 11. El-Malla SF, Hamza AA, Elagamy SH. Simultaneous determination of meloxicam and bupivacaine via a novel modified dual wavelength method and an advanced chemometric approach. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2024 Jan 22;14(1):1893. Available from: .
12. 12. Ndueche CA, Ogbeide UM, Okeri HA. Colorimetric determination of meloxicam in bulk and tablet dosage forms. J Sci Pract Pharm [Internet]. 2022 Dec 31;9(1):465–73. Available from: .
13. 13. Çelik RS, Bayrak B, Kadıoğlu Y. Development and validation of HPLC-UV method for determination of meloxicam in tablet dosage formulation. Pharmata [Internet]. 2023 Jul 28;3(3):59–63. Available from: .
14. 14. Karpicarov D, Apostolova P, Arev M, Arsova-Sarafinovska Z, Gjorgjeska B. Development and validation of HPLC method for content determination of Meloxicam in injections. Knowl - Int J [Internet]. 2023;57(4):517–22. Available from: .
15. 15. Seles KS, Padmavath S, Abdul Rahaman S, Azmi S, Grace S, Sahana MA. Development and validation of stability indicating assay for simultaneous determination of bupivacaine and meloxicam in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations by using RP-HPLC method. Int J Life Sci Pharma Res [Internet]. 2022 Oct 21;12(6):117–31. Available from: .
16. 16. Zaman M, Hanif M, Khan NUH, Mahmood A, Qaisar MN, Ali H. Development and validation of stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of tizanidine HCL and meloxicam in rabbit’s plasma. Acta Chromatogr [Internet]. 2019 Sep 1;31(3):173–8. Available from: .
17. 17. Chikanbanjar N, Semwal N, Jyakhwa U. Analytical method validation of Meloxicam and Paracetamol tablet in combination by HPLC method. Int J Pharm Sci Innov [Internet]. 2020;1(1):84–94. Available from: .
18. 18. Bahgat EA, Hashem H, Saleh H, Kamel EB, Eissa MS. Stability-indicating HPLC-DAD and TLC-densitometry methods for the quantification of bupivacaine and meloxicam in their co-formulated mixture. Microchem J [Internet]. 2023 Jul 1;190:108683. Available from: .
19. 19. Ahmad R, Hailat M, Zakaraya Z, Al Meanazel O, Abu Dayyih W. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of meloxicam and pantoprazole in a combined formulation. Analytica [Internet]. 2022 Apr 1;3(2):161–77. Available from: .
20. 20. Rani JDB, Deepti CA. Stability indicating method development of RP-UPLC, validation of simultaneous quantitation of bupivacaine and meloxicam in pure and formulation. RASAYAN J Chem [Internet]. 2023;16(03):1359–68. Available from: .
21. 21. Ivanova S, Todorova V, Dyankov S, Ivanov K. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for identification of meloxicam and piroxicam. Processes [Internet]. 2022 Feb 18;10(2):394. Available from: .
22. 22. Altiokka G, Atkosar Z, Tuncel M. Pulse polarographic determination of meloxicam. Pharmazie [Internet]. 2001 Feb;56(2):184–5. Available from: .
23. 23. Altınöz S, Nemutlu E, Kır S. Polarographic behaviour of meloxicam and its determination in tablet preparations and spiked plasma. Farm [Internet]. 2002 May 22;57(6):463–8. Available from: .
24. 24. Šelešovská R, Hlobeňová F, Skopalová J, Cankař P, Janíková L, Chýlková J. Electrochemical oxidation of anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam and its determination using boron doped diamond electrode. J Electroanal Chem [Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;858:113758. Available from: .
25. 25. Cerón-Pérez A, Juárez-Moreno MG, Martínez-Sánchez MM, González-Leal M, Sosa-Domínguez A. Developing a voltammetric method for meloxicam determination using a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (GC/MWCNT). ECS Trans [Internet]. 2021 Jan 11;101(1):57–67. Available from: .
26. 26. Miloglu FD, Saruhan T. Square wave and differential pulse voltammetric determination of meloxicam in pharmaceutical formulations. Int J PharmATA [Internet]. 2022 Jan 25;2(1):1–10. Available from: .
27. 27. Abed RI, Hadi H. Determination of meloxicam using direct and indirect flowinjection spectrophotometry. Curr Pharm Anal [Internet]. 2021 Jan 25;17(2):254–64. Available from: .
28. 28. Al-Momani IF. Indirect flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of meloxicam, tenoxicam and piroxicam in pharmaceutical formulations. Anal Sci [Internet]. 2006 Dec 10;22(12):1611–4. Available from: .
29. 29. Al-Rubaie LAAR, Mhessn RJ. Synthesis and characterization of azo dye para red and new derivatives. J Chem [Internet]. 2012 Jan 5;9(1):465–70. Available from: .
30. 30. Benkhaya S, M’rabet S, El Harfi A. Classifications, properties, recent synthesis and applications of azo dyes. Heliyon [Internet]. 2020 Jan 1;6(1):e03271. Available from: .
31. 31. Sawant R, Joshi R, Kawade D, Sarode V. Development and validation of spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of paracetamol and meloxicam in pure and tablet dosage form. Der Pharm Lett [Internet]. 2010;2(2):471–8. Available from: .
32. 32. Valcárcel Cases M, López-Lorente ÁI, López-Jiménez MÁ. Foundations of analytical chemistry [Internet]. Foundations of Analytical Chemistry. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. Available from: .
33. 33. Shakkor SJ, Mohammed N, Shakor SR. Spectrophotometric method for determination of methyldopa in bure and pharmaceutical formulation based on oxidative coupling reaction. Chem Methodol [Internet]. 2022 Nov 1;6(11):851–60. Available from: .
34. 34. Abdul Majeed Khorsheed Ahmed, Zahraa Turhan Wehbe Ahmed2. Estimation of furosemide spectrophotometrically in pharmaceutical preparations by oxidative coupling reaction. Tikrit J Pure Sci [Internet]. 2022 Nov 28;27(4):39–46. Available from: .
35. 35. Hussein KS, Ahmed AMK, Mohammed FY. Spectrophotometric determination of salbutamol by oxidative coupling reaction with 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid in the presence of potassium per sulfate. Med J Babylon [Internet]. 2021 Jul 1;18(3):249–56. Available from: .
36. 36. O. Baban S, F. Jallal A. Determination of meloxicam in pharmaceutical formulation by azo-coupling reaction with sulphanilic acid using both batch and flow- injection technique. Rafidain J Sci [Internet]. 2011 Oct 1;22(7):121- 32. Available from: .