FACILE SYNTHESIS OF SEMICONDUCTING NANOSIZED 0D AND 2D LEAD OXIDES USING A MODIFIED CO-PRECIPITATION METHOD

Abstract

Nano-sized lead has many versatile applications that could be applied in daily life. In the current study, we report a comprehensive study for preparation of nanosized lead oxide using the co-precipitation method and optimization of reaction parameters to obtain lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles with homogeneously distributed size, shape and structure. When aqueous solution of lead (II) acetate reduced with sodium hydroxide at elevated temperatures, alpha form of lead oxide nanoparticles, with spherical shape were achieved. Decreasing the ratio of sodium hydroxide to lead (II) acetate concentration at moderate temperatures resulted with a gradual change in crystal structure from quasi -spherical α-PbO nanoparticles and two dimensional nanoflakes of beta PbO with a thickness below 100 nm was synthesized for the first time. The obtained particles in both α and b forms were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering equipment (Zetasizer), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, thin layers of freeze-dryer α-PbO and β-PbO particle powder on glass and filter paper were formed by the help of nail polisher and conductivity measurements were performed using four-point probes method. Produced layers β-PbO particles with a below 100 nm showed higher conductivity on both supports as compared to the ones produced from spherical α-PbO nanoparticles. This altered conductivity of the material in the semiconducting zone, which is probably due to a more effective electron transfer facilitated by 2D alignment of the molecules, could rose the potential use of this material in voltaic and catalysis.

Keywords

• lead oxide nanoparticle,2D lead oxide,co-precipitation,nanomaterials

References

1. [1] Weng L, Yan L, Li H, et al. Facile fabrication and properties of core – shell structure Ag @ Al2(SiO3)3 nanocomposites with controllable morphologies. Mater. Lett. [Internet]. 2014;126:240–243. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.03.182.
2. [2] Li Y, Qiang Q, Zheng X, et al. Controllable electrochemical synthesis of Ag nanoparticles in ionic liquid microemulsions. Electrochem. commun. [Internet]. 2015;58:41–45. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388248115001551.
3. [3] Xing Y, Jin Y-Y, Si J-C, et al. Controllable synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4/Au composite nanoparticles. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. [Internet]. 2014;380:150–156. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885314008828.
4. [4] Derakhshandeh PG, Soleimannejad J, Janczak J. Sonochemical synthesis of a new nano-sized cerium(III) coordination polymer and its conversion to nanoceria. Ultrason. Sonochem. [Internet]. 2015;26:273–280. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350417715000358.
5. [5] Alagar M, Theivasant T, Raja a. K. Chemical Synthesis of Nano-sized Particles of Lead Oxide and their Characterization Studies. J. Appl. Sci. 2012;12:398–401.
6. [6] Daou TJ, Pourroy G, Bégin-Colin S, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles. Chem. Mater. 2006;18:4399–4404.
7. [7] Kandpal N, Sah N, Loshali R. Co-precipitation method of synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2014;73:87–90.
8. [8] Tani T, Mädler L, Pratsinis SE. Homogeneous ZnO nanoparticles by flame spray pyrolysis. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2002;4:337–343.

9. [9] Willard MA, Daniil M, Kniping KE. Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials at high temperatures: A perspective. Scr. Mater. [Internet]. 2012;67:554–559. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.12.043.
10. [10] Polo-Luque ML, Simonet BM, Valc??rcel M. Effect of carbon nanotubes on properties of soft materials based on carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid combinations. Talanta. 2013;110:160–163.
11. [11] Betancourt-Galindo R, Reyes-Rodriguez PY, Puente-Urbina B a., et al. Synthesis of copper nanoparticles by thermal decomposition and their antimicrobial properties. J. Nanomater. 2014;2014:7–11.
12. [12] Cho JS, Hong YJ, Lee J-H, et al. Design and synthesis of micron-sized spherical aggregates composed of hollow Fe2O3 nanospheres for use in lithium-ion batteries. Nanoscale [Internet]. 2015; Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C5NR01391G.
13. [13] Hayat K, Gondal M a., Khaled MM, et al. Nano ZnO synthesis by modified sol gel method and its application in heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of phenol from water. Appl. Catal. A Gen. [Internet]. 2011;393:122–129. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.11.032.
14. [14] Hashemi L, Morsali A. Synthesis and Characterization of a New Nano Lead(II) Two-dimensional Coordination Polymer by Sonochemical Method: A Precursor to Produce Pure Phase Nano-sized Lead(II) Oxide. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 2010;20:856–861.
15. [15] Zu Z, Hu W, Tang X, et al. A facile method for synthesizing AgInZnS/RGO nanocomposites and their photoelectric detection application. Mater. Lett. [Internet]. 2016;182:240–243. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.07.001.
16. [16] Wetchakun N, Chaiwichain S, Wetchakun K, et al. Synthesis and characterization of novel magnetically separable CoFe2O4/CeO2 nanocomposite photocatalysts. Mater. Lett. [Internet]. 2013;113:76–79. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X13012342.
17. [17] Mallakpour S, Khadem E. Carbon nanotube–metal oxide nanocomposites: Fabrication, properties and applications [Internet]. Chem. Eng. J. 2016. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1385894716306611.
18. [18] Duval DJ, Risbud SH, Shackelford JF. Ceramic and Glass Materials. Hardcover. 2008.
19. [19] Blair T. Lead oxide technology—Past, present, and future. J. Power Sources. 1998;73:47–55. [20] Wilkinson TJ, Perry DL, Spiller E, et al. A Facile Wet Synthesis of Nanoparticles of Litharge, the Tetragonal Form of PbO. MRS Proc. 2001;704:1–5.
20. [21] Mattesco Patrick, Bui Nam, Simon Patrice AL. passive layer on lead-tin alloys. J. Power Source. 1997;64:21–27.
21. [22] Wang N, Zhou T, Wang J, et al. Sulfide sensor based on the room-temperature phosphorescence of ZnO / SiO 2 nanocomposite †. 2010;82:2386–2393.
22. [23] Karami H, Karimi MA, Haghdar S. Synthesis of uniform nano-structured lead oxide by sonochemical method and its application as cathode and anode of lead-acid batteries. Mater. Res. Bull. 2008;43:3054–3065.
23. [24] Hanifehpour Y, Mirtamizdoust B, Farzam AR, et al. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Pb(phen)(μ-N3)(μ-NO3)]n and Its Thermal Decomposition to PbO Nanoparticles. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 2012;22:957–962.
24. [25] Zhou B, Xiao G, Yang X, et al. Pressure-dependent optical behaviors of colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets. Nanoscale [Internet]. 2015;7:8835–8842. Available from: http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C4NR07589G.
25. [26] Ranjbar ZR, Morsali A. Sonochemical syntheses of a new nano-sized porous lead(II) coordination polymer as precursor for preparation of lead(II) oxide nanoparticles. J. Mol. Struct. [Internet]. 2009;936:206–212. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.07.041.
26. [27] Shin HJ, Min BK. Direct Synthesis of PbO Nanoparticles from a Lead(II) Nanoflower Coordination Polymer Precursor: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and DFT Calculations of [Pb(pcih)N3H2O]n with the Terminal Azide Unit. J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater. 2013;23:1305–1312.
27. [28] Sonia S, Jayram ND, Suresh Kumar P, et al. Effect of NaOH concentration on structural, surface and antibacterial activity of CuO nanorods synthesized by direct sonochemical method. Superlattices Microstruct. [Internet]. 2014;66:1–9. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749603613003571.
28. [29] Cortez-Valadez M, Vargas-Ortiz a., Rojas-Blanco L, et al. Additional active Raman modes in α-PbO nanoplates. Phys. E Low-Dimensional Syst. Nanostructures [Internet]. 2013;53:146–149. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2013.05.006.
29. [30] Chinnasamy CN, Jeyadevan B, Perales-Perez O, et al. Growth dominant co-precipitation process to achieve high coercivity at room temperature in CoFe/sub 2/O/sub 4/ nanoparticles. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2002;38:2640–2642.
30. [31] Mayekar Jyoti, Dhar Vijay SR. To Study the Role of Temperature and Sodium Hydroxide Concentration in the Synthesis of Zinc. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ. 2013;3:2–6.
31. [32] Genç R, Clergeaud G, Ortiz M, et al. Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Glycerol-Incorporated Nanosized Liposomes. Langmuir Acs J. Surfaces Colloids. 2011;27:10894–10900.
32. [33] Pourbafarani S. The Effect of Alkali Concentration on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Mn-Ferrite Nanoparticles Prepared via the Coprecipitation Method. Metall. Mater. Trans. A [Internet]. 2014;45:4535–4537. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11661-014-2360-8.
33. [34] Taunk PB, Das R, Bisen DP. Synthesis , morphology and structural characterization of lead hydroxide nano particles. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Enginerring Technol. 2014;2:284–288.
34. [35] Maksymiuk K, Stroka J, Galus Z. Chemistry of Lead. Encycl. Electrochem. Power Sources. 2009;762–771.
35. [36] Mukhopadhyay I, Raghavan MSS, Sharon M, et al. Photoelectrochemical studies of photoactive lead oxide prepared by the “Potential pulse coupled potentiodynamic anodization technique” in alkaline medium. J. Electroanal. Chem. [Internet]. 1994;379:531–534. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022072894871833.