Physicochemical Analysis and Heavy Metals Remediation of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluent Using Bentonite Clay Modified by H2SO4 and HCl

Abstract

Environmental pollution by industrial effluent has become an important issue partly because of the detection of heavy metals in them which need to be mitigated. Adsorbents were produced from Bentonite clay using 2 M H2SO4 and HCl as modifying agents in ratio 1:2 by wet impregnation method. Physicochemical properties of the pharmaceutical effluents such as pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and heavy metals were determined. High concentration of Fe(III) and Zn(II)were observed in the effluents when compared with standards. Optimal value of pH for Fe(III) and Zn(II) were 8 and 7 respectively and dose of 0.1 g was found to be optimal value for all the adsorption system. The adsorption was best fit to Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo second order kinetic model. The results obtained in this study showed that the produced adsorbents could be used to supplement the commercial adsorbents in the specific application. Furthermore, acid modification was helped to increase the sorption capacity of the clay to the heavy metals studied with H2SO4 being the better modification agent.

Keywords

• pharmaceutical effluent
• inorganic acid
• bentonite clay
• heavy metal
• adsorption

References

1. 1. Adeniyi, A.G. and J.O. Ighalo, Biosorption of Pollutants by Plant Leaves: An Empirical Review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2019. 7(3): p. 103100 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103100.
2. 2. Aziz, H.A., M.N. Adlan, and K.S. Ariffin, Heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu and Cr (III)) removal from water in Malaysia: Post treatment by high quality limestone. Bioresources Technology, 2008. 99(6): p. 1578-1583.
3. 3. Landrigan, P.J., R. Fuller, N.J. Acosta, O. Adeyi, R. Arnold, A.B. Balde, R. Bertonllini, S. Bose-O’Reilly, J.I. Boufford, P.N. Breysse, and T. Chiles, The Lancet commission on pollution and health. The lancet, 2018. 391: p. 462-512.
4. 4. Mohammed, A.-A. and Z. Al-Anber, Utilization of natural zeolite as ion-exchange and sorbent material in the removal of iron. Desalination, 2008. 255: p. 70-81.
5. 5. Akpor, O.B., G.O. Ohiobor, and T.D. Olaolu, Heavy metal pollutants in wastewater effluents: sources, effects and remediation. Advances in Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2014. 2(4): p. 37-43.
6. 6. Harvey, A.L., R. Edrada-Ebel, and R.J. Quinn, The re-emergence of natural products for drug discovery in the genomics era. . Natural reviews drug discovery, 2015. 14(2).
7. 7. Ahmadi, M., H. Elmongy, T. Madrakian, and M. Abdel-Rehim, Nanomaterials as sorbents for sample preparation in bioanalysis: a review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2017. 958: p. 1-21.
8. 8. Nwosu, F.O., O.J. Ajala, R.M. Owoyemi, and G.B. Raheem, Preparation and characterization of adsorbents derived from Bentonite and kaolin clays. Applied Water Science, 2018. 8(195) DOI: http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0827-2.

9. 9. Ajala, O.J., F.O. Nwosu, and R.K. Ahmed, Adsorption of Atrazine from aqueous solution using Unmodified and Modified Bentonite clays. Applied water science, 2018. 8(214): p. 1-11 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0855-y.
10. 10. Heydari, S., L. Zare, and H. Ghiassi, Plackett–Burman experimental design for the removal of diazinon pesticide from aqueous system by magnetic bentonite nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater, 2019. 6(1): p. 45-50.
11. 11. De Souza, F.M., O.A.A. dos Santos, and M.G.A. Vieira, Adsorption of herbicide 2, 4-D from aqueous solution using organo-modified bentonite clay. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019: p. 1-14.
12. 12. Murrey, H.H., Applied Clay Mineralogy, Occurrences, Processing and Application of Kaolins, Bentonites, Palygorskite-Sepiolite, and Common Clays. Applied Clay Mineralogy. Vol. 2. 2007: Elsevier, .
13. 13. Schütz, T., S. Dolinská, P. Hudec, A. Mockovčiaková, and I. Znamenáčková, Cadmium adsorption on manganese modified bentonite and bentonite–quartz sand blend. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2016. 150: p. 32-38.
14. 14. Tohdee, K. and L. Kaewsichan, Enhancement of adsorption efficiency of heavy metal Cu (II) and Zn (II) onto cationic surfactant modified bentonite. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2018. 6(2): p. 2821-2828.
15. 15. Yan, L., S. Li, H. Yu, R. Shan, B. Du, and T. Liu, Facile solvothermal synthesis of Fe3O4/bentonite for efficient removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Powder Technology, 2016. 301: p. 632-640.
16. 16. Cantuaria, M.L., A.F. de Almeida Neto, E.S. Nascimento, and M.G. Vieira, Adsorption of silver from aqueous solution onto pre-treated bentonite clay: complete batch system evaluation. Journal of cleaner production, 2016. 112: p. 1112-1121.
17. 17. Alduaij, O.K., M.I. Attia, L. Khezami, and K.K. Taha, Removal of cobalt (II) from aqueous solution by local Saudi bentonite: Kinetic and equilibrium investigations. Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2016. 35(1): p. 87-96.
18. 18. Hanafiah, M.A., W.S. Ngah, S. Ibrahim, H. Zakaria, and W.A. Ilias, Kinetics and thermodynamic study of lead adsorption from aqueous solution onto rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) leaf powder. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2006. 6(13): p. 2762-2767.
19. 19. Nwosu, F.O., O.J. Ajala, F.O. Okeola, S.A. Adebayo, O.K. Olanlokun, and O.A.A. Eletta, Adsorption of chlorotriazine herbicide onto unmodified and modified kaolinite: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 2019 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2019.05.005.
20. 20. Atsar, F.S., D.T. Kukwa, R.L. Tyohemba, E. A., and R.A. Wuana, Cleaning of heavy metals from Spent Lubrication Oil (SLO) by adsorption process using acid modified clay. International Journal of Chemical Science and Technology, 2013. 3(4): p. 71-75.
21. 21. Ademoroti, M.A., Standard Methods for Water and Effluent Analysis. 1st ed, ed. E.M.a.M.S.o. Bioremediation. Vol. 2. 1996.
22. 22. Olaniyi, I., O. Raphael, and J.O. Nwadiogbu, Effect of Industrial Effluent on the Surrrounding Environment. Scholars Research Library, 2012. 4(1): p. 406-413.
23. 23. ASTM, Standard methods for acidity or alkalinity of water, in American Society Testing and materials. 1982: Philadelphia, USA.
24. 24. APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 2005, American Public Health Association: Washington, DC.
25. 25. Ahmad, M. and W. Wan Zainal, Adsorption of malachite green onto cocoa pod husk-based activated carbon: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. Malaysian Cocoa Journal, 2010. 6: p. 41-47.
26. 26. Baysal, Z., E. Cinar, Y. Buluk, H. Alkan, and M. Dogru, Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of Biosorption of Pb (II) onto Candida albicans biomass. Journal of hazardous material, 2009. 161: p. 62 – 67.
27. 27. Onyeji, L.I. and A.A. Aboje, Removal of Heavy Metals from Dye Effluent using Activated Carbon Produced from Coconut Shell. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2011. 3(12): p. 8240-8243.
28. 28. Ostroski, I.C., M.A.S.D. Barros, E.A. Silvab, J.H. Dantas, P.A. Arroyo, and O.C.M. Lima, A comparative study for the ion exchange of Fe(III) and Zn(II) on zeolite NaY. Journal of Hazardous Material, 2009. 161: p. 1404-1412.
29. 29. Ozer, A. and H.B. Pirincci, Physical Adsorption of Cd (II) ions on sulphuric acid treated Wheat brain. Journal of Hazard and Material, 2006. 137: p. 849 – 855.
30. 30. Ajayi, O., Kinetics and Thermodynamics of biosorption of copper, cadium and lead using water hyacinth and rice husk. 2013, University of Ilorin: Ilorin, Nigeria.