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Ricinus Communis Seed oils as a Source of Biodiesel; A Renewable Form of Future Energy

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 339 - 354, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1019969

Öz

Diminishing supply and environmental pollution of fossil fuels are the vital factors leading to the search of alternative sources of energy like biodiesel. Biodiesel is one of the eco-friendly substitutes of energy which is mainly utilized in diesel engines. Ricinus communis (castor plant), which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae yields an oil rich beans and plays important role in the production of biodiesel. Recently, the demand of castor oil and its products has been raised in the world market due to its versatility to use and simplicity to produce. Therefore, this study investigates the extraction of castor oil and its conversion in to biodiesel via alkali catalyzed transesterification. The seed oil of the plant was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the quality of the biodiesel was examined using the standard procedures of American standards for testing methods. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the extracted oil was examined using GC-MS. The seed oil was liquid at room temperature (25 °C), golden yellow in color with a nutty odor. The extraction processes yielded 324 g (9.25% w/w) and 78% of oil and biodiesel respectively. The density (0.86 g/mL), viscosity (5.42 mm2s-1), flash point (87 °C), acid value (0.35 mg KOH/g), water content (0.80%), iodine value (108.60), and cetane number (58.00) were reported in this study and showed a good agreement with the standards of biodiesel. GC-MS analysis of the seed oil also showed the presence of 10 different fatty acids (9-Octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, methyl ester, [R-(Z)] took the highest composition) which plays significant role for the production of methyl esters. So, the study can assure that castor oil can be used for commercial production of biodiesel at cost effective scales.

Destekleyen Kurum

Wachemo University

Teşekkür

Wachemo University

Kaynakça

  • 1. Tan X, Sudarsanam P, Tan J, Wang A, Zhang H, Li H, et al. Sulfonic acid-functionalized heterogeneous catalytic materials for efficient biodiesel production: a review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021;9(1):104719.
  • 2. Mubofu EB. Castor oil as a potential renewable resource for the production of functional materials. Sustainable Chemical Processes. 2016;4(1):1-12.
  • 3. Hajlari SA, Najafi B, Ardabili SF. Castor oil, a source for biodiesel production and its impact on the diesel engine performance. Renewable Energy Focus. 2019;28:1-10.
  • 4. Keera S, El Sabagh S, Taman A. Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 2018;27(4):979-84.
  • 5. Okechukwu R, Iwuchukwu A, Anuforo H. Production and characterization of biodiesel from Ricinus communis seeds. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, ISSN. 2015;2231:606X.
  • 6. Elango RK, Sathiasivan K, Muthukumaran C, Thangavelu V, Rajesh M, Tamilarasan K. Transesterification of castor oil for biodiesel production: Process optimization and characterization. Microchemical Journal. 2019;145:1162-8.
  • 7. Sánchez N, Encinar JM, Nogales S, González JF. Biodiesel production from castor oil by two-step catalytic transesterification: Optimization of the process and economic assessment. Catalysts. 2019;9(10):864.
  • 8. Banerjee A, Varshney D, Kumar S, Chaudhary P, Gupta V. Biodiesel production from castor oil: ANN modeling and kinetic parameter estimation. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry. 2017;8(3):253-62.
  • 9. Hailegiorgis SM, Hasraff MA, Khan SN, Ayoub M. Methanolysis of castor oil and parametric optimization. Procedia engineering. 2016;148:546-52.
  • 10. Pal A, Singh B, Mohan S. Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Biodiesel Production Using Calcined Chalk as Heterogeneous Catalyst. Biofuels and Bioenergy (BICE2016): Springer; 2017. p. 1-13.
  • 11. Kaur R, Bhaskar T. Potential of castor plant (Ricinus communis) for production of biofuels, chemicals, and value-added products. Waste biorefinery: Elsevier; 2020. p. 269-310. ISBN: 978-0-12-818228-4.
  • 12. Kiran BR, Prasad MNV. Ricinus communis L.(Castor bean), a potential multi-purpose environmental crop for improved and integrated phytoremediation. The EuroBiotech Journal. 2017;1(2):1-16.
  • 13. Zhang A, Wang Q, He Y, Lai P, Miu Y, Xiao Z, editors. Preparation of Biodiesel Based on Alkaline Ionic Liquid [Bmim] OH Catalyzed Castor Oil. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2020: IOP Publishing.
  • 14. Alwaseem H, Donahue CJ, Marincean S. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of castor oil. Journal of Chemical Education. 2014;91(4):575-8.
  • 15. Dasari SR, Goud VV. Comparative extraction of castor seed oil using polar and non polar solvents. Int J Curr Eng Technol. 2013;1:121-3.
  • 16. Nakarmi A, Joshi S. A study on Castor Oil and its Conversion into Biodiesel by Transesterification Method. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology. 2014;15(1):45-52.
  • 17. Satpathy P, Thosar A, Rajan AP. Green technology for glycerol waste from biodiesel plant. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014;3:730-9.
  • 18. Zhang Q, Sun Y, Zhi L, Zhang Y, Di Serio M. Properties of ethoxylated castor oil acid methyl esters prepared by ethoxylation over an alkaline catalyst. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 2015;18(2):365-70.
  • 19. Gómez JJM, Saadaoui E, Cervantes E. Seed shape of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) grown in different regions of Tunisia. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International. 2016:1-11.
  • 20. Velasco L, Fernández-Cuesta Á, Pascual-Villalobos MJ, Fernández-Martínez JM. Variability of seed quality traits in wild and semi-wild accessions of castor collected in Spain. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015;65:203-9.
  • 21. Asmare M, Gabbiye N. Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel from castor bean as alternative fuel for diesel engine. American Journal of Energy Engineering. 2014;2(1):1-15.
  • 22. Gebreegziabher Z, Mekonnen A, Ferede T, Kohlin G. Profitability of bioethanol production: the case of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Economics. 2017;26(1):101-22.
  • 23. Bateni H, Karimi K. Biodiesel production from castor plant integrating ethanol production via a biorefinery approach. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2016;107:4-12.
  • 24. Demirbas A, Bafail A, Ahmad W, Sheikh M. Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils. Energy Exploration & Exploitation. 2016;34(2):290-318.
  • 25. Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C, Ceniceros E, Natarajan M. Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2012;16(1):143-69.
  • 26. Ijaz M, Bahtti KH, Anwar Z, Dogar UF, Irshad M. Production, optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from Ricinus communis L. oil. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2016;9(2):180-4.
  • 27. Issariyakul T, Dalai AK. Biodiesel from vegetable oils. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;31:446-71.
  • 28. Osorio-González CS, Gómez-Falcon N, Sandoval-Salas F, Saini R, Brar SK, Ramírez AA. Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil: A Review. Energies. 2020;13(10):2467.
  • 29. Sajjadi B, Raman AAA, Arandiyan H. A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: Composition, specifications and prediction models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;63:62-92.
  • 30. Fagnano M, Visconti D, Fiorentino N. Agronomic approaches for characterization, remediation, and monitoring of contaminated sites. Agronomy. 2020;10(9):1335.
  • 31. Alam M, Rahman K. Biodiesel from mustard oil: a sustainable engine fuel substitute for Bangladesh. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development. 2013;2(3):141-9.
  • 32. Devarajan Y, Munuswamy DB, Nagappan B, Pandian AK. Performance, combustion and emission analysis of mustard oil biodiesel and octanol blends in diesel engine. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018;54(6):1803-11.
  • 33. Sanjid A, Masjuki H, Kalam M, Abedin M, Rahman SA. Experimental investigation of mustard biodiesel blend properties, performance, exhaust emission and noise in an unmodified diesel engine. APCBEE procedia. 2014;10:149-53.
  • 34. Uyumaz A. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with mustard oil biodiesel fuel blends at different engine loads. Fuel. 2018;212:256-67.
  • 35. Mekhilef S, Siga S, Saidur R. A review on palm oil biodiesel as a source of renewable fuel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011;15(4):1937-49.
  • 36. Yeboah A, Ying S, Lu J, Xie Y, Amoanimaa-Dede H, Boateng KGA, et al. Castor oil (Ricinus communis): a review on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties. Food Science and Technology. 2020.
  • 37. Barabas I, Todoruţ A, Băldean D. Performance and emission characteristics of an CI engine fueled with diesel–biodiesel–bioethanol blends. Fuel. 2010;89(12):3827-32.
  • 38. Chaudhari B, Patel M, Dharajiya D, Patel A, Thakur M. Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Genotypes. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2021;14(3):319-24.
  • 39. Omotehinse S, Igboanugo A, Ikhuoria E, Ehigie C. Characterization of castor seed oil extracted from the seed species native to Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technology Research. 2019;1(1):45-54.
  • 40. Panhwar T, Mahesar SA, Mahesar AW, Kandhro AA, Talpur FN, Laghari ZH, et al. Characteristics and composition of a high oil yielding castor variety from Pakistan. Journal of Oleo Science. 2016;65(6):471-6.
  • 41. Torrentes-Espinoza G, Miranda B, Vega-Baudrit J, Mata-Segreda JF. Castor oil (Ricinus communis) supercritical methanolysis. Energy. 2017;140:426-35.
  • 42. Yusuf A, Mamza P, Ahmed A, Agunwa U. Extraction and characterization of castor seed oil from wild Ricinus communis Linn. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology. 2015;4(5):1392-404.
  • 43. Deshpande D, Urunkar Y, Thakare P. Production of biodiesel from castor oil using acid and base catalysts. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, ISSN. 2012;2231:606X.
  • 44. Ahmad M, Teong LK, Zafar M, Sultana S, Sadia H, Khan MA. Prospects and potential of green fuel from some non traditional seed oils used as biodiesel. Biodiesel-feedstocks, production and applications. 2012:104-26. ISBN: 978-953-51-0910-5.
  • 45. Ahmad M, Ullah K, Khan M, Ali S, Zafar M, Sultana S. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of sesame oil biodiesel. Energy sources, part A: Recovery, utilization, and environmental effects. 2011;33(13):1239-49.
  • 46. Jessinta S, Azhari H, Saiful N, Abdurahman H. Impact of geographic variation on physicochemical properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2014;5(10):4406-13.
  • 47. Saxena P, Jawale S, Joshipura MH. A review on prediction of properties of biodiesel and blends of biodiesel. Procedia Engineering. 2013;51:395-402.
  • 48. Thangaraj B, Solomon PR. Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review. Clean Energy. 2020;4(2):89-106.
  • 49. Mishra VK, Goswami R. A review of production, properties and advantages of biodiesel. Biofuels. 2018;9(2):273-89.
  • 50. Fu J. Flash points measurements and prediction of biofuels and biofuel blends with aromatic fluids. Fuel. 2019;241:892-900.
  • 51. Yahya SI, Aghel B. Estimation of kinematic viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends: Comparison among accuracy of intelligent and empirical paradigms. Renewable Energy. 2021;177:318-26.
  • 52. Warra A. Physico-chemical and GC/MS analysis of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil. Chem Mater Res. 2015;7(2):2224-3224.
  • 53. Awais M, Musmar SeA, Kabir F, Batool I, Rasheed MA, Jamil F, et al. Biodiesel Production from Melia azedarach and Ricinus communis Oil by Transesterification Process. Catalysts. 2020;10(4):427.
  • 54. Khan IU, Chen H, Yan Z, Chen J. Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds. Processes. 2021;9(5):840.
  • 55. Anastasi U, Sortino O, Cosentino S, Patanè C. Seed yield and oil quality of perennial castor bean in a Mediterranean environment. International Journal of Plant Production. 2015;9(1):99-116.
  • 56. Ramanjaneyulu A, Anudradha G, Ramana MV, Reddy A, Gopal NM. Multifarious uses of castor (Ricinus communis L.). International Journal of Economic Plants. 2017;4(4):170-6.
  • 57. Kondaiah A, Rao YS, Kamitkar ND, Ibrahim SJA, Chandradass J, Kannan T. Influence of blends of castor seed biodiesel and diesel on engine characteristics. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;45:7043-9.
  • 58. Salihu B, Gana AK, Apuyor B. Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.): botany, ecology and uses. International Journal of Science and Research. 2014;3(5):1333-41.
  • 59. Shombe GB, Mubofu EB, Mlowe S, Revaprasadu N. Synthesis and characterization of castor oil and ricinoleic acid capped CdS nanoparticles using single source precursors. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2016;43:230-7.
  • 60. Aydin K, Sarıbıyık OY, Özcanlı M, Serin H, Serin S. Biodiesel Production from Ricinus Communis Oil and Its Blends with Soybean Biodiesel. Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2010;56(12).
  • 61. Dias J, Araújo J, Costa J, Alvim-Ferraz M, Almeida M. Biodiesel production from raw castor oil. Energy. 2013;53:58-66.
  • 62. Ismail S, Abu S, Rezaur R, Sinin H. Biodiesel production from castor oil and its application in diesel engine. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development. 2014;31(2):90-100.
  • 63. Jamil MF, Uemura Y, Kusakabe K, Ayodele OB, Osman N, Ab Majid NMN, et al. Transesterification of mixture of castor oil and sunflower oil in millichannel reactor: FAME yield and flow behaviour. Procedia engineering. 2016;148:378-84.
  • 64. Magriotis ZM, Carvalho MZ, Priscila F, Alves FC, Resende RF, Saczk AA. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) presscake from biodiesel production: An efficient low cost adsorbent for removal of textile dyes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2014;2(3):1731-40.
  • 65. Sattanathan R. Production of biodiesel from castor oil with its performance and emission test. Int J Sci Res. 2015;4(1):273-9.
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 339 - 354, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1019969

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Tan X, Sudarsanam P, Tan J, Wang A, Zhang H, Li H, et al. Sulfonic acid-functionalized heterogeneous catalytic materials for efficient biodiesel production: a review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021;9(1):104719.
  • 2. Mubofu EB. Castor oil as a potential renewable resource for the production of functional materials. Sustainable Chemical Processes. 2016;4(1):1-12.
  • 3. Hajlari SA, Najafi B, Ardabili SF. Castor oil, a source for biodiesel production and its impact on the diesel engine performance. Renewable Energy Focus. 2019;28:1-10.
  • 4. Keera S, El Sabagh S, Taman A. Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 2018;27(4):979-84.
  • 5. Okechukwu R, Iwuchukwu A, Anuforo H. Production and characterization of biodiesel from Ricinus communis seeds. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, ISSN. 2015;2231:606X.
  • 6. Elango RK, Sathiasivan K, Muthukumaran C, Thangavelu V, Rajesh M, Tamilarasan K. Transesterification of castor oil for biodiesel production: Process optimization and characterization. Microchemical Journal. 2019;145:1162-8.
  • 7. Sánchez N, Encinar JM, Nogales S, González JF. Biodiesel production from castor oil by two-step catalytic transesterification: Optimization of the process and economic assessment. Catalysts. 2019;9(10):864.
  • 8. Banerjee A, Varshney D, Kumar S, Chaudhary P, Gupta V. Biodiesel production from castor oil: ANN modeling and kinetic parameter estimation. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry. 2017;8(3):253-62.
  • 9. Hailegiorgis SM, Hasraff MA, Khan SN, Ayoub M. Methanolysis of castor oil and parametric optimization. Procedia engineering. 2016;148:546-52.
  • 10. Pal A, Singh B, Mohan S. Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) Biodiesel Production Using Calcined Chalk as Heterogeneous Catalyst. Biofuels and Bioenergy (BICE2016): Springer; 2017. p. 1-13.
  • 11. Kaur R, Bhaskar T. Potential of castor plant (Ricinus communis) for production of biofuels, chemicals, and value-added products. Waste biorefinery: Elsevier; 2020. p. 269-310. ISBN: 978-0-12-818228-4.
  • 12. Kiran BR, Prasad MNV. Ricinus communis L.(Castor bean), a potential multi-purpose environmental crop for improved and integrated phytoremediation. The EuroBiotech Journal. 2017;1(2):1-16.
  • 13. Zhang A, Wang Q, He Y, Lai P, Miu Y, Xiao Z, editors. Preparation of Biodiesel Based on Alkaline Ionic Liquid [Bmim] OH Catalyzed Castor Oil. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2020: IOP Publishing.
  • 14. Alwaseem H, Donahue CJ, Marincean S. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of castor oil. Journal of Chemical Education. 2014;91(4):575-8.
  • 15. Dasari SR, Goud VV. Comparative extraction of castor seed oil using polar and non polar solvents. Int J Curr Eng Technol. 2013;1:121-3.
  • 16. Nakarmi A, Joshi S. A study on Castor Oil and its Conversion into Biodiesel by Transesterification Method. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology. 2014;15(1):45-52.
  • 17. Satpathy P, Thosar A, Rajan AP. Green technology for glycerol waste from biodiesel plant. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014;3:730-9.
  • 18. Zhang Q, Sun Y, Zhi L, Zhang Y, Di Serio M. Properties of ethoxylated castor oil acid methyl esters prepared by ethoxylation over an alkaline catalyst. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents. 2015;18(2):365-70.
  • 19. Gómez JJM, Saadaoui E, Cervantes E. Seed shape of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) grown in different regions of Tunisia. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International. 2016:1-11.
  • 20. Velasco L, Fernández-Cuesta Á, Pascual-Villalobos MJ, Fernández-Martínez JM. Variability of seed quality traits in wild and semi-wild accessions of castor collected in Spain. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015;65:203-9.
  • 21. Asmare M, Gabbiye N. Synthesis and characterization of biodiesel from castor bean as alternative fuel for diesel engine. American Journal of Energy Engineering. 2014;2(1):1-15.
  • 22. Gebreegziabher Z, Mekonnen A, Ferede T, Kohlin G. Profitability of bioethanol production: the case of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Economics. 2017;26(1):101-22.
  • 23. Bateni H, Karimi K. Biodiesel production from castor plant integrating ethanol production via a biorefinery approach. Chemical Engineering Research and Design. 2016;107:4-12.
  • 24. Demirbas A, Bafail A, Ahmad W, Sheikh M. Biodiesel production from non-edible plant oils. Energy Exploration & Exploitation. 2016;34(2):290-318.
  • 25. Hoekman SK, Broch A, Robbins C, Ceniceros E, Natarajan M. Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews. 2012;16(1):143-69.
  • 26. Ijaz M, Bahtti KH, Anwar Z, Dogar UF, Irshad M. Production, optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from Ricinus communis L. oil. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2016;9(2):180-4.
  • 27. Issariyakul T, Dalai AK. Biodiesel from vegetable oils. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;31:446-71.
  • 28. Osorio-González CS, Gómez-Falcon N, Sandoval-Salas F, Saini R, Brar SK, Ramírez AA. Production of Biodiesel from Castor Oil: A Review. Energies. 2020;13(10):2467.
  • 29. Sajjadi B, Raman AAA, Arandiyan H. A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: Composition, specifications and prediction models. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016;63:62-92.
  • 30. Fagnano M, Visconti D, Fiorentino N. Agronomic approaches for characterization, remediation, and monitoring of contaminated sites. Agronomy. 2020;10(9):1335.
  • 31. Alam M, Rahman K. Biodiesel from mustard oil: a sustainable engine fuel substitute for Bangladesh. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development. 2013;2(3):141-9.
  • 32. Devarajan Y, Munuswamy DB, Nagappan B, Pandian AK. Performance, combustion and emission analysis of mustard oil biodiesel and octanol blends in diesel engine. Heat and Mass Transfer. 2018;54(6):1803-11.
  • 33. Sanjid A, Masjuki H, Kalam M, Abedin M, Rahman SA. Experimental investigation of mustard biodiesel blend properties, performance, exhaust emission and noise in an unmodified diesel engine. APCBEE procedia. 2014;10:149-53.
  • 34. Uyumaz A. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fueled with mustard oil biodiesel fuel blends at different engine loads. Fuel. 2018;212:256-67.
  • 35. Mekhilef S, Siga S, Saidur R. A review on palm oil biodiesel as a source of renewable fuel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011;15(4):1937-49.
  • 36. Yeboah A, Ying S, Lu J, Xie Y, Amoanimaa-Dede H, Boateng KGA, et al. Castor oil (Ricinus communis): a review on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties. Food Science and Technology. 2020.
  • 37. Barabas I, Todoruţ A, Băldean D. Performance and emission characteristics of an CI engine fueled with diesel–biodiesel–bioethanol blends. Fuel. 2010;89(12):3827-32.
  • 38. Chaudhari B, Patel M, Dharajiya D, Patel A, Thakur M. Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in Castor (Ricinus communis L.) Genotypes. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2021;14(3):319-24.
  • 39. Omotehinse S, Igboanugo A, Ikhuoria E, Ehigie C. Characterization of castor seed oil extracted from the seed species native to Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technology Research. 2019;1(1):45-54.
  • 40. Panhwar T, Mahesar SA, Mahesar AW, Kandhro AA, Talpur FN, Laghari ZH, et al. Characteristics and composition of a high oil yielding castor variety from Pakistan. Journal of Oleo Science. 2016;65(6):471-6.
  • 41. Torrentes-Espinoza G, Miranda B, Vega-Baudrit J, Mata-Segreda JF. Castor oil (Ricinus communis) supercritical methanolysis. Energy. 2017;140:426-35.
  • 42. Yusuf A, Mamza P, Ahmed A, Agunwa U. Extraction and characterization of castor seed oil from wild Ricinus communis Linn. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology. 2015;4(5):1392-404.
  • 43. Deshpande D, Urunkar Y, Thakare P. Production of biodiesel from castor oil using acid and base catalysts. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, ISSN. 2012;2231:606X.
  • 44. Ahmad M, Teong LK, Zafar M, Sultana S, Sadia H, Khan MA. Prospects and potential of green fuel from some non traditional seed oils used as biodiesel. Biodiesel-feedstocks, production and applications. 2012:104-26. ISBN: 978-953-51-0910-5.
  • 45. Ahmad M, Ullah K, Khan M, Ali S, Zafar M, Sultana S. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of sesame oil biodiesel. Energy sources, part A: Recovery, utilization, and environmental effects. 2011;33(13):1239-49.
  • 46. Jessinta S, Azhari H, Saiful N, Abdurahman H. Impact of geographic variation on physicochemical properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2014;5(10):4406-13.
  • 47. Saxena P, Jawale S, Joshipura MH. A review on prediction of properties of biodiesel and blends of biodiesel. Procedia Engineering. 2013;51:395-402.
  • 48. Thangaraj B, Solomon PR. Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review. Clean Energy. 2020;4(2):89-106.
  • 49. Mishra VK, Goswami R. A review of production, properties and advantages of biodiesel. Biofuels. 2018;9(2):273-89.
  • 50. Fu J. Flash points measurements and prediction of biofuels and biofuel blends with aromatic fluids. Fuel. 2019;241:892-900.
  • 51. Yahya SI, Aghel B. Estimation of kinematic viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends: Comparison among accuracy of intelligent and empirical paradigms. Renewable Energy. 2021;177:318-26.
  • 52. Warra A. Physico-chemical and GC/MS analysis of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil. Chem Mater Res. 2015;7(2):2224-3224.
  • 53. Awais M, Musmar SeA, Kabir F, Batool I, Rasheed MA, Jamil F, et al. Biodiesel Production from Melia azedarach and Ricinus communis Oil by Transesterification Process. Catalysts. 2020;10(4):427.
  • 54. Khan IU, Chen H, Yan Z, Chen J. Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Biodiesel from Six Familiar Non-Edible Plants Seeds. Processes. 2021;9(5):840.
  • 55. Anastasi U, Sortino O, Cosentino S, Patanè C. Seed yield and oil quality of perennial castor bean in a Mediterranean environment. International Journal of Plant Production. 2015;9(1):99-116.
  • 56. Ramanjaneyulu A, Anudradha G, Ramana MV, Reddy A, Gopal NM. Multifarious uses of castor (Ricinus communis L.). International Journal of Economic Plants. 2017;4(4):170-6.
  • 57. Kondaiah A, Rao YS, Kamitkar ND, Ibrahim SJA, Chandradass J, Kannan T. Influence of blends of castor seed biodiesel and diesel on engine characteristics. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;45:7043-9.
  • 58. Salihu B, Gana AK, Apuyor B. Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.): botany, ecology and uses. International Journal of Science and Research. 2014;3(5):1333-41.
  • 59. Shombe GB, Mubofu EB, Mlowe S, Revaprasadu N. Synthesis and characterization of castor oil and ricinoleic acid capped CdS nanoparticles using single source precursors. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2016;43:230-7.
  • 60. Aydin K, Sarıbıyık OY, Özcanlı M, Serin H, Serin S. Biodiesel Production from Ricinus Communis Oil and Its Blends with Soybean Biodiesel. Strojniski Vestnik/Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2010;56(12).
  • 61. Dias J, Araújo J, Costa J, Alvim-Ferraz M, Almeida M. Biodiesel production from raw castor oil. Energy. 2013;53:58-66.
  • 62. Ismail S, Abu S, Rezaur R, Sinin H. Biodiesel production from castor oil and its application in diesel engine. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development. 2014;31(2):90-100.
  • 63. Jamil MF, Uemura Y, Kusakabe K, Ayodele OB, Osman N, Ab Majid NMN, et al. Transesterification of mixture of castor oil and sunflower oil in millichannel reactor: FAME yield and flow behaviour. Procedia engineering. 2016;148:378-84.
  • 64. Magriotis ZM, Carvalho MZ, Priscila F, Alves FC, Resende RF, Saczk AA. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) presscake from biodiesel production: An efficient low cost adsorbent for removal of textile dyes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2014;2(3):1731-40.
  • 65. Sattanathan R. Production of biodiesel from castor oil with its performance and emission test. Int J Sci Res. 2015;4(1):273-9.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kimya Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hadush Gebrehiwot 0000-0002-2718-1492

Demis Zelelew Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3183-9346

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021
Kabul Tarihi 30 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Gebrehiwot H, Zelelew D. Ricinus Communis Seed oils as a Source of Biodiesel; A Renewable Form of Future Energy. JOTCSA. 2022;9(2):339-54.